Neuronal processing of amino acids in Drosophila: from taste sensing to behavioural regulation.

Finding and feeding on appropriate food are crucial for all animals. Carbohydrates and amino acids are both essential nutrients, albeit with distinct roles: the former are the main energy source whereas the latter are the building blocks of proteins and are used as neurotransmitters. Despite their crucial role, neither the sensing nor the neuronal processing of amino acids is well understood. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have only recently gained momentum in shedding new light on the molecular and neuronal mechanisms of peripheral and internal amino acid sensing, as well as the organization of amino acid feeding behaviour. Furthermore, amino acids have been shown to act as rewards in associative learning. Focusing on recent studies in Drosophila, we summarize what is known so far about the perception of, and the behavioural responses to, amino acids in insects, and try to identify key questions for future research.