University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 2019 Sep 1;100(5):281-289.
Acute upper respiratory tract infections are extremely common in adults and children, but only a few safe and effective treatments are available. Patients typically present with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, cough, general malaise, and/or low-grade fever. Informing patients about the self-limited nature of the common cold can help manage expectations, limit antibiotic use, and avoid over-the-counter purchases that may not help. Treatments with proven effectiveness for cold symptoms in adults include over-the-counter analgesics, zinc, nasal decongestants with or without antihistamines, and ipratropium for cough. Lower-quality evidence suggests that Lactobacillus casei may be beneficial in older adults. The only established safe and effective treatments for children are acetylcysteine, honey (for children one year and older), nasal saline irrigation, intranasal ipratropium, and topical application of ointment containing camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus oils. Over-the-counter cold medications should not be used in children younger than four years. Counseling patients about the importance of good hand hygiene is the best way to prevent transmission of cold viruses.
急性上呼吸道感染在成人和儿童中极为常见，但仅有少数安全有效的治疗方法。患者通常表现为鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、咳嗽、全身不适和/或低热。告知患者普通感冒具有自限性，有助于管理预期，限制抗生素的使用，并避免购买可能无效的非处方药物。已证实对成人感冒症状有效的治疗方法包括非处方镇痛药、锌、含或不含抗组胺药的鼻减充血剂以及异丙托溴铵治疗咳嗽。证据质量较低的方法还包括干酪乳杆菌对老年人可能有益。唯一已确定对儿童安全有效的治疗方法为乙酰半胱氨酸、蜂蜜（适用于 1 岁及以上儿童）、鼻腔盐水冲洗、鼻内异丙托溴铵以及含有樟脑、薄荷醇和桉树油的软膏局部应用。4 岁以下儿童不应使用非处方感冒药物。向患者宣传良好的手部卫生对预防感冒病毒传播至关重要。
