Simasek Madeline, Blandino David A
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 2007 Feb 15;75(4):515-20.
The common cold is a viral illness that affects persons of all ages, prompting frequent use of over-the-counter and prescription medications and alternative remedies. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms (e.g., cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea). Dextromethorphan may be beneficial in adults with cough, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated in children and adolescents. Codeine has not been shown to effectively treat cough caused by the common cold. Although hydrocodone is widely used and has been shown to effectively treat cough caused by other conditions, the drug has not been studied in patients with colds. Topical (intranasal) and oral nasal decongestants have been shown to relieve nasal symptoms and can be used in adolescents and adults for up to three days. Antihistamines and combination antihistamine/decongestant therapies can modestly improve symptoms in adults; however, the benefits must be weighed against potential side effects. Newer nonsedating antihistamines are ineffective against cough. Topical ipratropium, a prescription anticholinergic, relieves nasal symptoms in older children and adults. Antibiotics have not been shown to improve symptoms or shorten illness duration. Complementary and alternative therapies (i.e., Echinacea, vitamin C, and zinc) are not recommended for treating common cold symptoms; however, humidified air and fluid intake may be useful without adverse side effects. Vitamin C prophylaxis may modestly reduce the duration and severity of the common cold in the general population and may reduce the incidence of the illness in persons exposed to physical and environmental stresses.
普通感冒是一种病毒性疾病，可影响所有年龄段的人，促使人们频繁使用非处方和处方药物以及替代疗法。治疗重点是缓解症状（如咳嗽、鼻塞、流涕）。右美沙芬对成人咳嗽可能有益，但在儿童和青少年中其有效性尚未得到证实。可待因未被证明能有效治疗普通感冒引起的咳嗽。虽然氢可酮被广泛使用，且已被证明能有效治疗其他病症引起的咳嗽，但该药物尚未在感冒患者中进行研究。局部（鼻内）和口服鼻减充血剂已被证明可缓解鼻部症状，可用于青少年和成人，最长使用三天。抗组胺药以及抗组胺药/减充血剂联合疗法可适度改善成人症状；然而，必须权衡其益处与潜在副作用。新型非镇静性抗组胺药对咳嗽无效。局部用异丙托溴铵是一种处方抗胆碱能药物，可缓解大龄儿童和成人的鼻部症状。抗生素未被证明能改善症状或缩短病程。不推荐使用补充和替代疗法（如紫锥菊、维生素C和锌）来治疗普通感冒症状；然而，湿化空气和摄入液体可能有益且无不良副作用。预防性使用维生素C可能会适度缩短普通感冒在一般人群中的病程并减轻其严重程度，还可能降低处于身体和环境压力下人群患感冒的几率。
