Kucera Jane
Nalco Water, An Ecolab Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, USA.
Membranes (Basel). 2019 Aug 30;9(9):111. doi: 10.3390/membranes9090111.
Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems are continuously challenged with biofouling of polyamide membranes that are used almost exclusively for these desalination techniques. Traditionally, pretreatment and reactive membrane cleanings are employed as biofouling control methods. This in-depth review paper discusses the mechanisms of membrane biofouling and effects on performance. Current industrial disinfection techniques are reviewed, including chlorine and other chemical and non-chemical alternatives to chlorine. Operational techniques such as reactive membrane cleaning are also covered. Based on this review, there are three suggested areas of additional research offering promising, polyamide membrane-targeted biofouling minimization that are discussed. One area is membrane modification. Modification using surface coatings with inclusion of various nanoparticles, and graphene oxide within the polymer or membrane matrix, are covered. This work is in the infancy stage and shows promise for minimizing the contributions of current membranes themselves in promoting biofouling, as well as creating oxidant-resistant membranes. Another area of suggested research is chemical disinfectants for possible application directly on the membrane. Likely disinfectants discussed herein include nitric oxide donor compounds, dichloroisocyanurate, and chlorine dioxide. Finally, proactive cleaning, which aims to control the extent of biofouling by cleaning before it negatively affects membrane performance, shows potential for low- to middle-risk systems.
反渗透和纳滤系统一直面临着聚酰胺膜生物污染的挑战，聚酰胺膜几乎专门用于这些海水淡化技术。传统上，预处理和反应性膜清洗被用作生物污染控制方法。这篇深入的综述文章讨论了膜生物污染的机制及其对性能的影响。对当前的工业消毒技术进行了综述，包括氯以及氯的其他化学和非化学替代物。还涵盖了诸如反应性膜清洗等操作技术。基于此综述，讨论了三个建议的额外研究领域，这些领域有望最大程度地减少针对聚酰胺膜的生物污染。一个领域是膜改性。介绍了使用包含各种纳米颗粒以及在聚合物或膜基质中包含氧化石墨烯的表面涂层进行改性的情况。这项工作尚处于起步阶段，有望最大程度地减少当前膜本身在促进生物污染方面的作用，并制造出抗氧化剂的膜。另一个建议的研究领域是可能直接应用于膜的化学消毒剂。本文讨论的可能的消毒剂包括一氧化氮供体化合物、二氯异氰脲酸盐和二氧化氯。最后，主动清洗旨在通过在生物污染对膜性能产生负面影响之前进行清洗来控制生物污染的程度，对于中低风险系统显示出潜力。
