Lawler Jenny
School of Biotechnology and DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
Membranes (Basel). 2016 Dec 19;6(4):57. doi: 10.3390/membranes6040057.
The minimization of the trade-off between the flux and the selectivity of membranes is a key area that researchers are continually working to optimise, particularly in the area of fabrication of novel membranes. Flux versus selectivity issues apply in many industrial applications of membranes, for example the unwanted diffusion of methanol in fuel cells, retention of valuable proteins in downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals, rejection of organic matter and micro-organisms in water treatment, or salt permeation in desalination. The incorporation of nanosheets within membrane structures can potentially lead to enhancements in such properties as the antifouling ability, hydrophilicy and permeability of membranes, with concomitant improvements in the flux/selectivity balance. Graphene nanosheets and derivatives such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been investigated for this purpose, for example inclusion of nanosheets within the active layer of Reverse Osmosis or Nanofiltration membranes or the blending of nanosheets as fillers within Ultrafiltration membranes. This review summarizes the incorporation of graphene derivatives into polymeric membranes for water treatment with a focus on a number of industrial applications, including desalination and pharmaceutical removal, where enhancement of productivity and reduction in fouling characteristics have been afforded by appropriate incorporation of graphene derived nanosheets during membrane fabrication.
使膜的通量与选择性之间的权衡最小化是研究人员不断努力优化的关键领域，特别是在新型膜的制造领域。通量与选择性问题适用于膜的许多工业应用，例如燃料电池中甲醇的不必要扩散、生物制药下游加工中宝贵蛋白质的保留、水处理中有机物和微生物的截留，或海水淡化中的盐分渗透。在膜结构中掺入纳米片可能会提高膜的抗污染能力、亲水性和渗透性等性能，同时改善通量/选择性平衡。为此，人们研究了石墨烯纳米片及其衍生物，如氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯，例如在反渗透或纳滤膜的活性层中包含纳米片，或在超滤膜中作为填料掺入纳米片。本综述总结了将石墨烯衍生物掺入聚合物膜用于水处理的情况，重点关注一些工业应用，包括海水淡化和药物去除，在这些应用中，通过在膜制造过程中适当掺入石墨烯衍生的纳米片，提高了生产率并降低了污染特性。
