Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Aug;23(16):7163-7182. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201908_18763.
Vaccinations are the most effective preventive methods against infectious diseases and represent one of the most relevant successes of medicine. Vaccine development is constantly evolving; therefore, the number of vaccine candidates is progressively increasing. However, most of new potential vaccines are characterized by a lower immunogenicity, with the inability to stimulate powerful and long-lasting immune responses. Hence, to get modern and effective vaccines, we need adjuvants and innovative delivery systems that increase their immunogenicity. The use of nanotechnology in vaccinology is providing the opportunity to contrast these difficulties and develop effective vaccines. Particularly, nanoparticles used as vehicles of vaccine components, are able to increase the host's immune responses and, due to their size, to reach specific cellular districts. To date, a certain number of nanovaccines has been approved for human health and many are studied in clinical or pre-clinical trials. There are several types of nanoparticles considered as possible delivers of vaccine antigens. These nanoparticles-based synthetic delivery systems, in the size range of 20-200 nm, protect antigen from degradation, enhance its presentation and facilitate its uptake by professional antigen-presenting cells. Virus-like particles, self-assembled proteins, micelles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, and polymers are the most studied of these systems. In this review, we provide a general overview of different types, methods of synthesis, characterizations, properties and applications of nanoparticles in vaccine production.
疫苗接种是预防传染病最有效的方法，也是医学最重要的成就之一。疫苗的开发不断发展，因此，疫苗候选物的数量逐渐增加。然而，大多数新的潜在疫苗的免疫原性较低，无法刺激强大而持久的免疫反应。因此，为了获得现代有效的疫苗，我们需要佐剂和创新的给药系统来提高其免疫原性。纳米技术在疫苗学中的应用为克服这些困难和开发有效疫苗提供了机会。特别是，用作疫苗成分载体的纳米粒子能够增强宿主的免疫反应，并且由于其尺寸，能够到达特定的细胞区域。迄今为止，已经有一定数量的纳米疫苗被批准用于人类健康，并且许多正在临床或临床前试验中进行研究。有几种类型的纳米颗粒被认为是疫苗抗原的潜在传递者。这些基于纳米颗粒的合成递药系统，尺寸在 20-200nm 之间，可保护抗原免受降解，增强其呈递，并促进其被专业抗原呈递细胞摄取。病毒样颗粒、自组装蛋白、胶束、脂质体、无机纳米颗粒和聚合物是这些系统中研究最多的。在这篇综述中，我们提供了纳米颗粒在疫苗生产中的不同类型、合成方法、表征、性质和应用的概述。
