Talavera Juan O, Roy-García Ivonne, Palacios-Cruz Lino, Rivas-Ruiz Rodolfo, Hoyo Irma, Pérez-Rodríguez Marcela
Dirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico ABC.
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica.
Gac Med Mex. 2019;155(4):399-405. doi: 10.24875/GMM.19005226.
Research designs refer to the way information is obtained and are limited by ethical, economic and temporal viability. Research designs are standardized strategies to reduce biases, which in the architectural model of research are identified in the baseline state, the maneuver and the outcome; hence, there are no specific designs for each question. The design with the lowest probability of bias is the clinical trial, followed by cohort and case-control studies and, finally, by cross-sectional surveys. Among the main characteristics that give merit to research designs are the following: population inquiry, which refers to the situation of the population in relation to the clinical course/natural history of the disease; the maneuver, or action that is expected to modify the baseline state, which can be observational or experimental; follow-up, or documented monitoring that is given to each subject, which can be longitudinal or cross-sectional; and directionality, which can prolective or retrolective and refers to the timing of data collection for research purposes. It will always be better having a valuable question, even when answered with a design with higher risk of bias, than a question that is irrelevant or has no applicability.
研究设计指获取信息的方式，并受到伦理、经济和时间可行性的限制。研究设计是减少偏差的标准化策略，在研究的架构模型中，偏差在基线状态、操作和结果中得以识别；因此，针对每个问题并没有特定的设计。偏差可能性最低的设计是临床试验，其次是队列研究和病例对照研究，最后是横断面调查。赋予研究设计价值的主要特征如下：人群调查，指人群与疾病临床病程/自然史相关的情况；操作，即预期会改变基线状态的行动，可为观察性或实验性；随访，即对每个受试者进行的记录监测，可为纵向或横断面；以及方向性，可为前瞻性或回顾性，指用于研究目的的数据收集时间。即使以偏差风险较高的设计来回答，有一个有价值的问题总比一个不相关或无适用性的问题要好。
