Fischer-Grote Linda, Kothgassner Oswald D, Felnhofer Anna
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria, Austria.
Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Neuropsychiatr. 2019 Dec;33(4):179-190. doi: 10.1007/s40211-019-00319-8. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
The percentage of smartphone users-especially among minors-is growing, and so is the body of literature hinting at increasing rates of problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents. However, comprehensive reviews regarding this issue are still scarce.
The main aim of this review was to provide an overview of studies focusing on specific risk factors predicting problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents.
A literature search was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed.
The search yielded 38 articles that met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Research regarding influencing factors such as gender, age, and social, family, and personality factors, as well as duration of use and use patterns, could be found. Results seem to cautiously suggest that using a smartphone for gaming and social networking might be risk factors, whereas having good friendships might constitute a protective factor. Also, female adolescents seem to be prone to a higher smartphone addiction risk than male adolescents. For family, school, and personality factors, results are still scarce, and more research is needed. Nevertheless, strict parenting, low self-control, and low self-esteem seem to increase risks for problematic use, whereas academic motivation and school success might decrease this risk.
A concise theoretical conceptualization of problematic smartphone use and corresponding standardized measures are needed to increase comparability of future studies and to thereby add to a clearer understanding of this contested concept.
智能手机用户的比例，尤其是未成年人中的比例，正在不断增长，暗示儿童和青少年中智能手机使用问题发生率上升的文献数量也在增加。然而，关于这个问题的全面综述仍然很少。
本综述的主要目的是概述关注预测儿童和青少年智能手机使用问题的特定风险因素的研究。
在谷歌学术和PubMed上进行文献检索。
检索得到38篇符合本综述纳入标准的文章。可以找到关于性别、年龄、社会、家庭和个性因素等影响因素，以及使用时长和使用模式的研究。结果似乎谨慎地表明，将智能手机用于游戏和社交网络可能是风险因素，而拥有良好的友谊可能是一个保护因素。此外，女性青少年似乎比男性青少年更容易有更高的智能手机成瘾风险。对于家庭、学校和个性因素，研究结果仍然很少，需要更多的研究。然而，严格的养育方式、低自我控制能力和低自尊似乎会增加使用问题的风险，而学业动机和学业成就可能会降低这种风险。
需要对智能手机使用问题进行简洁的理论概念化，并采用相应的标准化测量方法，以提高未来研究的可比性，从而更清楚地理解这个有争议的概念。
