School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Water Environ Res. 2020 Feb;92(2):177-188. doi: 10.1002/wer.1237. Epub 2019 Sep 24.
Antibiotics have extensively been applied to rescue a great number of lives through prevention and treatment of contagious diseases and infections. They are either natural or human-made substances, which are broadly employed for promoting the health condition of human, plant, and animal. However, antibiotics are known to exert detrimental impacts on useful and nontarget microbiota of the biological system due to the overuse, continuous discharge into the environment, and subsequently aggregation in various environmental matrices. Physical and chemical properties help to evaluate whether a substance is more likely to concentrate on the terrestrial, aquatic, or atmospheric environmental matrix as well as its fate. Therefore, appropriate characterization and proper understanding of physicochemical attributes of antibiotics are indispensable to protect ecosystem health. In this paper, the antibiotic classifications and their physicochemical properties were reviewed with emphasis on detection in the aqueous environment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Antibiotic compounds were classified in main classes, groups, and their main use. Tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, quinolones, polyether ionophores, and glycopeptides are the most commonly detected antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Physical-chemical properties of the main antimicrobial classes were mentioned. Physicochemical properties can change under different environmental conditions such as pH and temperature.
抗生素被广泛应用于预防和治疗传染病和感染，以挽救大量生命。它们是天然或人工合成的物质，广泛用于促进人类、植物和动物的健康状况。然而，由于抗生素的过度使用、持续排放到环境中，以及随后在各种环境基质中的聚集，它们已知会对生物系统中有用的和非目标微生物群落产生有害影响。物理化学性质有助于评估一种物质是否更有可能集中在陆地、水生或大气环境基质中，以及它的命运。因此，适当的表征和正确理解抗生素的物理化学特性对于保护生态系统健康是必不可少的。本文综述了抗生素的分类及其物理化学性质，重点介绍了在水环境中的检测。
抗生素化合物被分为主要类别、组和主要用途。四环素类、磺胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、聚醚离子载体和糖肽类是在水环境中最常检测到的抗生素。
提到了主要抗菌类别的物理化学性质。物理化学性质会在不同的环境条件下发生变化，如 pH 值和温度。
