Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
Front Immunol. 2019 Aug 23;10:1933. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01933. eCollection 2019.
The prevalence of food allergy has been steadily rising worldwide with the highest incidence noted among younger children, and increasingly recognized as a growing public concern. The first known ingestion of foods often causes allergic reaction, suggesting that sensitization of offspring with food allergens may occur during pregnancy and/or through breastfeeding. This creates a milieu that shapes the neonatal immune responses to these allergens. However, the effects of maternal allergen exposure and maternal sensitization with allergens on development of allergies in offspring remain controversial. This review discusses recent advances from human data in our understanding of how maternal factors, namely, food allergens, allergen-specific immunoglobulins, cytokines, genetics, and environmental factors transferred during pregnancy or breastfeeding influence offspring allergies and how such effects may be applicable to food allergy. Based on information obtained from mouse models of asthma and food allergy, the review also dissects the mechanisms by which maternal factors, including the impact of immune complexes, transforming growth factor-β, vitamin A, and regulatory T-cell responses, contribute to the induction of neonatal tolerance vs. development of allergic responses to maternally transferred allergens.
食物过敏的患病率在全球范围内呈稳步上升趋势，发病率最高的是年幼的儿童，并且越来越被认为是一个日益严重的公众关注问题。已知的第一次摄入食物通常会引起过敏反应，这表明食物过敏原可能在怀孕期间和/或通过母乳喂养使后代致敏。这就形成了一种环境，影响了新生儿对这些过敏原的免疫反应。然而，母体过敏原暴露和过敏原致敏对后代过敏发展的影响仍然存在争议。这篇综述讨论了来自人类数据的最新进展，以了解母体因素（即食物过敏原、过敏原特异性免疫球蛋白、细胞因子、遗传学和怀孕期间或母乳喂养期间转移的环境因素）如何影响后代的过敏，并探讨这些影响如何适用于食物过敏。基于从哮喘和食物过敏的小鼠模型中获得的信息，该综述还剖析了母体因素（包括免疫复合物、转化生长因子-β、维生素 A 和调节性 T 细胞反应的影响）如何导致新生儿对母体传递的过敏原产生耐受或发展为过敏反应的机制。
