CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia.
Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 20;692:1304-1321. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055. Epub 2019 Jul 5.
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.
为满足人口快速增长对更多食物、水和能源的需求，全球对水资源的需求不断增加。气候变化、工业和商业的增长以及城市化进程加剧了这些水资源压力。因此，全球各地的城市水管理部门正在探索替代水源以满足日益增长的需求。这些替代水源主要是经过处理的污水、雨水和地下水。雨水（包括屋顶收集的雨水）已被视为饮用水和非饮用水的替代水源。与替代水再利用相关的最重要问题之一是与化学和微生物污染物相关的公共健康风险。迄今为止，已有多项研究对雨水和受纳水中的粪便指示物和病原体进行了量化。微生物溯源（MST）方法也被用于确定雨水和受纳水中粪便污染的来源。本文综述了城市雨水中的粪便指示物、病原体和 MST 标记基因的出现和浓度。本文的一个部分重点介绍了通过水敏性城市设计（WSUD）或最佳管理实践（BMPs）去除粪便指示物和病原体。我们还讨论了评估和减轻与雨水相关的健康风险的方法，包括对雨水的饮用水和非饮用水再利用现有的定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）模型的总结。最后，确定了制定风险管理策略的最关键研究空白。
