EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé - MIMMA, IUML FR-3473 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Laval, F-53020, France.
Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
Biochimie. 2019 Dec;167:106-118. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.012. Epub 2019 Sep 20.
Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that produce numerous bioactive molecules that can be used as food supplement to prevent chronic disease installation. Indeed, they produce phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, lipids, carotenoids and sterolic compounds. The use of microalgae in human nutrition provide a mixture of these molecules with synergistic effect. The aim of this review is to present the specific roles played by the xanthophylls, and specifically astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, two high added value carotenoids, and by microalgal phytosterols such as β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol on several cell mechanisms involved in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and cancers. This review explains how these microalgal molecules modulate cell signaling pathways involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, inflammation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Xanthophylls and phytosterols are involved in the reduction of inflammatory markers in relation with the regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways, and suppression of production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Xanthophylls act on glucose and lipid metabolisms via both the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and glucose transporters and its effects on the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Their anti-cancer effects are related to the induction of intrinsic apoptosis due to down-regulation of key regulatory kinases. The anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects are correlated with decreased production of endothelial growth factors and of matrix metalloproteinases. Phytosterols have a major role on cholesterol absorption via modification of the activities of Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporters and on cholesterol esterification. Their action are also related with the modulation of PPARs and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 activities.
微藻是光合微生物，可产生多种具有生物活性的分子，可作为预防慢性病发生的膳食补充剂。事实上，它们会产生藻胆蛋白、多糖、脂类、类胡萝卜素和甾醇化合物。将微藻应用于人类营养中，可以提供这些分子的混合物，发挥协同作用。本文旨在介绍叶黄素（特别是虾青素和褐藻黄素）和微藻植物甾醇（如β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇和豆甾醇）在预防心血管代谢疾病和癌症方面所发挥的特定作用，以及它们对几种细胞机制的影响。本文解释了这些微藻分子如何调节参与碳水化合物和脂质代谢、炎症、细胞凋亡、侵袭和转移的细胞信号通路。叶黄素和植物甾醇参与减少与调节 c-Jun N 末端激酶和核因子-κB 信号通路相关的炎症标志物，并抑制促炎介质的产生。叶黄素通过上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPARs）和葡萄糖转运蛋白，以及对参与脂肪酸合成和胆固醇代谢的酶的表达产生影响，从而作用于葡萄糖和脂质代谢。它们的抗癌作用与诱导内在凋亡有关，这是由于关键调节激酶的下调。抗血管生成、抗增殖和抗侵袭作用与内皮生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶产生的减少有关。植物甾醇通过改变尼曼-匹克 C1 样 1 和 ATP 结合盒转运蛋白的活性以及胆固醇酯化作用，对胆固醇吸收具有重要作用。它们的作用还与调节 PPARs 和固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1 的活性有关。
