Bertolini Martinna, Dongari-Bagtzoglou Anna
Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, CT 06030, USA.
J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Sep 21;5(4):87. doi: 10.3390/jof5040087.
As more information emerges on oral microbiota using advanced sequencing methodologies, it is imperative to examine how organisms modulate the capacity of each other to colonize or trigger infection. Most mouse models of oral infection have focused on interactions with single bacterial species. Thus, little is known about the microbiome-mediated interactions that control the switch of from commensalism to infection. Evidence is accumulating that in immunosuppression where mucosal candidiasis is more prevalent, there is an altered oral bacterial microbiome with reduced diversity, but not an altered mycobiome. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunosuppressed humans and mice is associated with a further reduction in oral bacterial diversity and a dysbiotic shift with significant enrichment of streptococcal and enterococcal species. Our recent studies in a cancer chemotherapy mouse model supported the combined profound effect of immunosuppression and in reducing oral bacterial diversity and provided the first direct evidence that these changes contribute to pathogenesis, representing dysbiosis. There is still a gap in understanding the relationship between and the oral bacterial microbiome. We propose that certain oral commensal bacteria contribute to fungal pathogenesis and we identify gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this cooperative virulence.
随着利用先进测序方法获得的关于口腔微生物群的信息越来越多，研究微生物如何相互调节彼此的定植能力或引发感染的能力变得势在必行。大多数口腔感染的小鼠模型都集中在与单一细菌物种的相互作用上。因此，对于控制从共生状态转变为感染状态的微生物群介导的相互作用知之甚少。越来越多的证据表明，在黏膜念珠菌病更为普遍的免疫抑制状态下，口腔细菌微生物群会发生改变，多样性降低，但真菌微生物群没有改变。免疫抑制的人类和小鼠的口咽念珠菌病与口腔细菌多样性的进一步降低以及生态失调转变有关，其中链球菌和肠球菌物种显著富集。我们最近在癌症化疗小鼠模型中的研究支持了免疫抑制和[此处原文缺失部分内容]在降低口腔细菌多样性方面的联合深远影响，并提供了首个直接证据，表明这些变化导致发病机制，代表生态失调。在理解[此处原文缺失部分内容]与口腔细菌微生物群之间的关系方面仍然存在差距。我们提出某些口腔共生细菌会导致真菌发病机制，并确定了我们在理解这种协同毒力所涉及的机制方面存在的差距。
