STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Molecules. 2019 Sep 19;24(18):3403. doi: 10.3390/molecules24183403.
The Hasti Afunei sarcophagus is a large Etruscan urn, made up of two chalky alabaster monoliths. Dated from the last quarter of the third century BC, it was found in 1826 in the small town of Chiusi (Tuscany- Il Colle place) by a landowner, Pietro Bonci Casuccini, who made it part of his private collection. The noble owner's collection was sold in 1865 to the Royal Museum of Palermo (today under the name of Antonino Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum), where it is still displayed. The sarcophagus is characterized by a complex iconography that is meticulously illustrated through an excellent sculptural technique, despite having subjected to anthropic degradation and numerous restorative actions during the last century. During the restoration campaign carried out between 2016 and 2017, a targeted diagnostic campaign was carried out to identify the constituent materials of the artefact, the pigments employed and the executive technique, in order to get an overall picture of conservation status and conservative criticalities. In particular, this last intervention has allowed the use of the innovative micro-sampling technique, patented by the Cultural Heritage research group of Sapienza, in order to identify the employee of lake pigments through SERS analyses. Together with this analysis, Raman and NMR technique have completed the information requested by restorers, for what concerns the wax employed as protective layers, and allowed to rebuild the conservation history of the sarcophagus. In fact, together with the identification of red ocher and yellow ocher, carbon black, Egyptian blue and madder lake, pigments compatible with the historical period of the work, modern pigments (probably green Paris, chrome orange, barium yellow, blue phtalocyanine) have been recognized, attributable with not documented intervention during the eighteenth and twentieth centuries.
哈斯蒂·阿夫内伊石棺是一个大型伊特鲁里亚骨灰瓮，由两块白垩质雪花石膏巨石组成。它可追溯到公元前三世纪的最后四分之一，于 1826 年在奇维塔卡斯泰洛镇（托斯卡纳-伊尔·科尔勒广场）由一位地主彼得罗·邦奇·卡苏奇尼发现，他将其纳入了自己的私人收藏。这位贵族主人的收藏于 1865 年被卖给了巴勒莫大英博物馆（今天以安东尼诺·萨拉尼斯地区考古博物馆命名），至今仍在那里展出。石棺的特点是其复杂的图案，尽管在上个世纪经历了人为的退化和多次修复，但它仍然通过精湛的雕塑技术得到了细致的描绘。在 2016 年至 2017 年进行的修复活动中，进行了有针对性的诊断活动，以确定文物的组成材料、所用颜料和执行技术，以便全面了解保存状况和保存方面的难点。特别是，最后一次干预活动允许使用由萨皮恩扎大学文化遗产研究小组申请专利的创新微采样技术，通过 SERS 分析来鉴定湖颜料的工人。与这项分析一起，拉曼和 NMR 技术补充了修复者要求的信息，涉及用作保护层的蜡，并且可以重建石棺的保护历史。事实上，除了识别红赭石和黄赭石、炭黑、埃及蓝和茜草湖颜料外，还识别出了与作品历史时期兼容的现代颜料（可能是绿色巴黎、铬橙、钡黄、酞菁蓝），这些颜料归因于十八和二十世纪未经记录的干预。
