Paula Eduardo Marostegan, da Silva Lorrayny Galoro, Brandao Virginia Lucia Neves, Dai Xiaoxia, Faciola Antonio Pinheiro
Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho SP. 14174-000, Brazil.
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
Animals (Basel). 2019 Sep 20;9(10):704. doi: 10.3390/ani9100704.
Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola ( and ), camelina (), and carinata () have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as "ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion". Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
豆粕（SBM）是油脂工业的副产品，因其营养成分、高蛋白含量和可得性，在全球范围内被广泛用作反刍动物的蛋白质补充剂。然而，由于价格波动、供应情况以及在一些国家对进口的依赖，对单一作物如豆粕的依赖存在问题。在这种背景下，十字花科的油籽，如油菜籽/加拿大油菜（ ）、亚麻荠（ ）和羽衣甘蓝（ ），已成为反刍动物可能的替代蛋白质补充剂。因此，本综述的目的是总结用油菜籽粕（CM）、亚麻荠粕（CMM）和羽衣甘蓝粕（CRM）饲喂反刍动物的研究结果。本综述基于已发表的同行评审文章，这些文章是根据关键词获取的，关键词包括相关油籽植物以及“瘤胃发酵与代谢、动物生产性能、生长和消化”等词汇。在过去二十年中，油菜籽粕、亚麻荠粕和羽衣甘蓝粕等油脂和生物燃料行业的副产品已被评估为反刍动物的替代蛋白质补充剂。在本文综述的三种植物中，油菜籽粕研究最多，结果表明，给动物饲喂油菜籽粕时，氮利用率总体有所提高。亚麻荠粕的氨基酸（AA）谱和粗蛋白（CP）浓度与油菜籽粕相当。据报道，在反刍动物日粮中用亚麻荠粕替代其他蛋白质补充剂时，观察到了相似的牛奶产量、蛋白质产量和平均日增重。羽衣甘蓝粕的蛋白质消化率与豆粕相似，其粗蛋白在瘤胃中高度降解。总体而言，我们可以得出结论，油菜籽粕作为蛋白质补充剂至少与豆粕一样好；尽管评估羽衣甘蓝粕和油菜籽粕用于反刍动物的研究较少，但已证明这两种油籽都可能是家畜有价值的饲料原料。尽管油菜籽中存在芥酸和硫代葡萄糖苷，但当油菜籽粕在总日粮中的添加量高达20%，羽衣甘蓝粕和油菜籽粕在总日粮中的添加量高达10%时，未观察到对动物生产性能有负面影响。
