Management of Bone Defects in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty with Use of a Stepped, Porous-Coated Metaphyseal Sleeve.

BACKGROUND

Revision total knee arthroplasty is a costly operation associated with many challenges including bone loss in the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia. Reconstruction of bone defects remains a difficult problem that may require more extensive reconstruction techniques to restore mechanical stability and ensure long-term fixation. Use of porous-coated metaphyseal sleeves is a modern technique to address bone deficiency in revision total knee arthroplasty. Midterm reports have shown excellent survivorship and osseointegration.

DESCRIPTION

The use of a porous-coated metaphyseal sleeve begins with intramedullary canal reaming to determine the diameter of the diaphyseal-engaging stem. Bone loss is assessed followed by broaching of the tibial and/or femoral metaphyses. Broaching continues until axial and rotational stability are achieved. The sleeve typically occupies most, if not all, of the proximal tibial and distal femoral cavitary osseous defects often encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty. However, a sleeve does not address all distal and posterior femoral condylar bone loss, for which augments are often required.

ALTERNATIVES

Previously described methods to address various bone deficiencies include use of morselized or structural bone-grafting, reinforcing screws within cement, metal augments, and metaphyseal cone fixation.

RATIONALE

Structural allografts or metal augments remain a suitable option for uncontained metaphyseal defects. Metaphyseal structural allografts may undergo stress-shielding, resorption, and late fracture. Metaphyseal sleeves offer long-term biologic fixation to host bone while creating a stable platform to receive a cemented femoral and/or tibial component. This hybrid combination may provide mechanically protective properties to decrease the loads at the cement-bone interfaces and enhance loads to metaphyseal bone to ensure long-term implant fixation in the setting of substantial bone deficiencies.