Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta GA, 30333, United States.
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
Poult Sci. 2019 Dec 1;98(12):6964-6972. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez529.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness.
美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）、卫生部门和其他州及联邦合作伙伴将与活禽接触与 2000 年至 2017 年期间美国发生的 70 起人类沙门氏菌疫情联系起来，导致共有 4794 人患病、894 人住院和 7 人死亡。在人类沙门氏菌病疫情期间，环境采样很少作为疫情调查的一部分进行。2018 年 6 月 12 日，州卫生官员联系 CDC，在对一家邮购孵化场的活禽相关沙门氏菌感染危险因素进行调查时提供支持。从 2018 年 1 月 1 日至 6 月 15 日，在多个州发现的 13 例人类沙门氏菌感染归因于来自单个孵化场的活禽暴露。两种沙门氏菌血清型与这些感染有关，即肠炎沙门氏菌和利希菲尔德沙门氏菌。通过核心基因组多位点序列分型（cgMLST）对分离自从零售点收到的孵化场运输容器中采集的环境样本的 S. Enteritidis 临床分离株进行分子亚型分析，发现它们在遗传上密切相关（cgMLST 中 0 到 9 个等位基因）。在 2018 年 6 月 19 日的调查中，对邮购孵化场进行了环境采样和现场调查。共采集了 45 个环境样本，其中 4 个（9%）样本中培养出沙门氏菌。来自预发货区的一个雏鸡箱衬垫中分离出的一株菌与肠炎沙门氏菌暴发菌株密切相关（cgMLST 中 1 到 9 个等位基因）。现场调查显示，生物安全、卫生、质量保证和消费者教育方面存在疏漏。对孵化场进行的沙门氏菌血清型检测回顾显示，每月采集的样本数量和类型各不相同。此外，自 2016 年开始检测以来，每年在孵化场都发现了肠炎沙门氏菌。向孵化场提出了关于生物安全、检测和卫生措施的建议，以帮助减少孵化场和种禽群中的沙门氏菌负担，从而减少人类疾病的发生。
