Deakin University, Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia.
National Institute for Health Innovation, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Appetite. 2020 Jan 1;144:104481. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104481. Epub 2019 Oct 4.
Price is a key determinant of food choice, particularly for low-income households who may be more sensitive to price-lowering strategies such as price promotions and generic/retailer-owned brands. Price-lowering strategies may therefore represent important policy targets to improve population nutrition and reduce inequities. This study aimed to describe household purchasing patterns of price promoted and generic branded foods and beverages in New Zealand (2016-2017). One year of grocery purchase data from a national consumer research panel in New Zealand (n = 1778 households) were analysed. Purchases were classified by processing level and food type. Linear mixed models were fitted to estimate the mean proportion of annual household purchases (unique items and volumes (kg/L)) that were price promoted or generic branded (overall and by food category), and to assess whether purchasing patterns were modified by income level. On average, price promoted products constituted 50% (95%CIs; 49,51) of all unique annual household grocery items purchased. Fifty-nine percent (95%CIs; 58,60) of processed, 55% (95%CIs; 54,56) of ultra-processed, 45% (95%CIs; 44,46) of unprocessed and 45% (95%CIs; 44,46) of ingredient purchases were price promoted. By volume, the proportion of purchases that were price promoted was highest for meat (65%[95%CIs; 64,66]), sugar-sweetened beverages (64%[95%CIs; 62,65]), dairy foods (64%[95%CIs; 63,66]), confectionary (64%[95%CIs; 63,66]), snack foods (63%[95%CIs; 61,64]), oils (61%[95%CIs; 60,62]) and non-sugar-sweetened beverages (60%[95%CIs; 58,62]), and lowest for dairy beverages (30%[95%CIs; 28,31]), sugar/honey (33%[95%CIs; 32,35]) and sauces/spreads (39%[95%CIs; 37,40]). On average, generic brands constituted 10% (95%CIs; 9,10) of all household purchases. Overall, a significantly greater proportion of purchases made by low and middle-income households were price promoted and generic branded compared to high-income households (p < 0.001 for both), a pattern generally observed across food categories. This study supports recent calls to address unhealthy food and beverage price promotions in comprehensive policy strategies aiming to improve population diets and weight.
价格是食品选择的关键决定因素，特别是对于低收入家庭来说，他们可能对降价策略（如价格促销和通用/零售商自有品牌）更为敏感。因此，降价策略可能是改善人口营养和减少不平等的重要政策目标。本研究旨在描述新西兰（2016-2017 年）家庭对促销和通用品牌食品和饮料的购买模式。对新西兰全国消费者研究小组一年的食品杂货购买数据（n=1778 户家庭）进行了分析。购买情况按加工程度和食品类型进行分类。使用线性混合模型估计家庭年度购买的（独特商品和数量（kg/L））中促销和通用品牌的平均比例（总体和按食品类别），并评估购买模式是否受收入水平的影响。平均而言，促销产品占家庭购买的所有独特年度杂货商品的 50%（95%CI；49.51）。59%（95%CI；58.60）的加工食品、55%（95%CI；54.56）的超加工食品、45%（95%CI；44.46）的未加工食品和 45%（95%CI；44.46）的配料购买都是促销产品。按体积计算，促销购买的比例最高的是肉类（65%[95%CI；64.66]）、含糖饮料（64%[95%CI；62.65]）、乳制品（64%[95%CI；63.66]）、糖果（64%[95%CI；63.66]）、零食（63%[95%CI；61.64]）、油类（61%[95%CI；60.62]）和非含糖饮料（60%[95%CI；58.62]），乳制品饮料（30%[95%CI；28.31]）、糖/蜂蜜（33%[95%CI；32.35]）和酱汁/涂抹酱（39%[95%CI；37.40]）的购买比例最低。平均而言，通用品牌占家庭购买的 10%（95%CI；9.10）。总体而言，与高收入家庭相比，中低收入家庭购买的促销和通用品牌的比例明显更高（p<0.001），这种模式在各种食品类别中普遍存在。本研究支持最近的呼吁，即在旨在改善人口饮食和体重的综合政策战略中解决不健康的食品和饮料价格促销问题。
