BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Toxins (Basel). 2019 Oct 4;11(10):577. doi: 10.3390/toxins11100577.
Forages are important components of dairy cattle rations but might harbor a plethora of mycotoxins. Ruminants are considered to be less susceptible to the adverse health effects of mycotoxins, mainly because the ruminal microflora degrades certain mycotoxins. Yet, impairment of the ruminal degradation capacity or high ruminal stability of toxins can entail that the intestinal epithelium is exposed to significant mycotoxin amounts. The aims of our study were to assess i) the mycotoxin occurrence in maize silage and ii) the cytotoxicity of relevant mycotoxins on bovine intestinal cells. In total, 158 maize silage samples were collected from European dairy cattle farms. LC-MS/MS-based analysis of 61 mycotoxins revealed the presence of emerging mycotoxins (e.g. emodin, culmorin, enniatin B1, enniatin B, and beauvericin) in more than 70% of samples. Among the regulated mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were most frequently detected (67.7%). Overall, 87% of maize silages contained more than five mycotoxins. Using an in vitro model with calf small intestinal epithelial cells B, the cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1 and enniatin B was evaluated (0-200 µM). Absolute IC50 values varied in dependence of employed assay and were 1.2-3.6 µM, 0.8-1.0 µM, 8.6-18.3 µM, and 4.0-6.7 µM for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1, and enniatin B, respectively. Results highlight the potential relevance of mycotoxins for bovine gut health, a previously neglected target in ruminants.
饲料是奶牛日粮的重要组成部分，但可能含有大量的霉菌毒素。反刍动物被认为对霉菌毒素的不良健康影响的敏感性较低，主要是因为瘤胃微生物群落会降解某些霉菌毒素。然而，瘤胃降解能力的损害或毒素的高瘤胃稳定性可能导致肠上皮细胞暴露于大量的霉菌毒素。我们研究的目的是评估 i）青贮玉米中霉菌毒素的发生情况和 ii）相关霉菌毒素对牛肠细胞的细胞毒性。共从欧洲奶牛场采集了 158 个青贮玉米样本。基于 LC-MS/MS 的 61 种霉菌毒素分析显示，超过 70%的样本中存在新兴霉菌毒素（如大黄素、珊瑚素、恩镰菌素 B1、恩镰菌素 B 和布氏菌素）。在受监管的霉菌毒素中，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的检出率最高（67.7%）。总体而言，87%的青贮玉米含有超过五种霉菌毒素。使用牛小肠上皮细胞 B 的体外模型评估了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素 B1 和恩镰菌素 B 的细胞毒性（0-200 µM）。由于采用的测定方法不同，绝对 IC50 值有所不同，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素 B1 和恩镰菌素 B 的 IC50 值分别为 1.2-3.6 µM、0.8-1.0 µM、8.6-18.3 µM 和 4.0-6.7 µM。结果突出了霉菌毒素对牛肠道健康的潜在重要性，这是反刍动物中一个以前被忽视的目标。
