Miura Tanya A
Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA,
Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2019 Mar;6(1):10-17. doi: 10.1007/s40588-019-0111-8. Epub 2019 Feb 13.
Communication by epithelial cells during respiratory viral infections is critical in orchestrating effective anti-viral responses but also can lead to excessive inflammation. This review will evaluate studies that investigate how respiratory epithelial cells influence the behavior of immune cells and how epithelial cell/immune cell interactions contribute to antiviral responses and immunopathology outcomes.
Previous studies have characterized cytokine responses of virus-infected epithelial cells. More recent studies have carefully demonstrated the effects of these cytokines on cellular behaviors within the infected lung. Infected epithelial cells release exosomes that specifically regulate responses of monocytes and neighboring epithelial cells without promoting spread of virus. In contrast, rhinovirus-infected cells induce monocytes to upregulate expression of the viral receptor, promoting spread of the virus to alternate cell types. The precise alteration of PDL expression on infected epithelial cells has been shown to switch between inhibition and activation of antiviral responses.
These studies have more precisely defined the interactions between epithelial and immune cells during viral infections. This level of understanding is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies that promote effective antiviral responses or epithelial repair, or inhibit damaging inflammatory responses during severe respiratory viral infections.
呼吸道病毒感染期间上皮细胞之间的通讯对于协调有效的抗病毒反应至关重要，但也可能导致过度炎症。本综述将评估相关研究，这些研究探讨呼吸道上皮细胞如何影响免疫细胞的行为，以及上皮细胞/免疫细胞相互作用如何促成抗病毒反应和免疫病理结果。
以往研究已对病毒感染上皮细胞的细胞因子反应进行了特征描述。最近的研究则仔细证明了这些细胞因子对受感染肺内细胞行为的影响。受感染的上皮细胞释放外泌体，这些外泌体可特异性调节单核细胞和邻近上皮细胞的反应，而不促进病毒传播。相比之下，鼻病毒感染的细胞诱导单核细胞上调病毒受体的表达，促进病毒向其他细胞类型传播。已表明受感染上皮细胞上PDL表达的精确改变可在抗病毒反应的抑制和激活之间切换。
这些研究更精确地界定了病毒感染期间上皮细胞与免疫细胞之间的相互作用。这种理解水平对于开发新型治疗策略至关重要，这些策略可促进有效的抗病毒反应或上皮修复，或在严重呼吸道病毒感染期间抑制有害的炎症反应。
