Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy.
Cells. 2021 Feb 24;10(3):483. doi: 10.3390/cells10030483.
Intracellular organelles enwrapped in membranes along with a complex network of vesicles trafficking in, out and inside the cellular environment are one of the main features of eukaryotic cells. Given their central role in cell life, compartmentalization and mechanisms allowing their maintenance despite continuous crosstalk among different organelles have been deeply investigated over the past years. Here, we review the multiple functions exerted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in driving membrane remodeling and fission, as well as in repairing physiological and pathological membrane damages. In this way, ESCRT machinery enables different fundamental cellular processes, such as cell cytokinesis, biogenesis of organelles and vesicles, maintenance of nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization, endolysosomal activity. Furthermore, we discuss some examples of how viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, have evolved to hijack the ESCRT machinery or part of it to execute/optimize their replication cycle/infection. A special emphasis is given to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) interaction with the ESCRT proteins, considering the peculiarities of this interplay and the need for HSV-1 to cross both the nuclear-cytoplasmic and the cytoplasmic-extracellular environment compartmentalization to egress from infected cells.
细胞内的细胞器被膜包裹，同时还有一个复杂的囊泡运输网络，在细胞内外穿梭，这是真核细胞的主要特征之一。鉴于它们在细胞生命中的核心作用，尽管不同细胞器之间不断进行交流，但近年来人们深入研究了分隔和维持它们的机制。在这里，我们回顾了内体分选复合物必需的运输（ESCRT）机制在驱动膜重塑和裂变以及修复生理和病理膜损伤方面的多种功能。通过这种方式，ESCRT 机制使不同的基本细胞过程成为可能，如细胞胞质分裂、细胞器和囊泡的生物发生、核细胞质分隔的维持、内溶酶体活性。此外，我们还讨论了一些例子，说明病毒作为专性细胞内寄生虫，如何进化来劫持 ESCRT 机制或其一部分来执行/优化它们的复制周期/感染。特别强调了单纯疱疹病毒 1（HSV-1）与 ESCRT 蛋白的相互作用，考虑到这种相互作用的特殊性以及 HSV-1 需要穿越核细胞质和细胞质-细胞外环境分隔才能从感染细胞中逸出。
