Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
Fundación DIABEM, Barcelona, Spain.
Am J Ther. 2020 Jan/Feb;27(1):e1-e12. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001070.
Historical review on the early development of organotherapy for diabetes [pancreatic extracts (PE)] and its relationship with the social and political circumstances.
The diagnosis of diabetes relied only in the presence of glycosuria and cardinal symptoms. Blood glucose determinations were not regularly available, requiring large volumes for sampling. Micromethods for glycemia were developed just in the last years of the investigated period. Hypoglycemia remains undiscovered. Isolation and purification of PE were difficult tasks due to the unknown chemical structure of the antidiabetic hormone.
(1) Berliner Medizinhistoriches Museum der Charité (Humboldt University). (2) GeDenKort Charité-Wissenschaft in Verantwortung. (3) Geheim Staatsarchiv Preuβischer Kulturbesitz. (4) Archival Collections, University of Toronto: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. Academy of Medicine Collection, F. G. Banting Papers, C. H. Best Papers, J. J. R. Macleod Papers. (5) National Library of Medicine: Pubmed search for the topic of history of insulin. History of Medicine-on syllabus archive. (6) Selected books: The Discovery of Insulin (M. Bliss); Diabetes, Its Medical and Cultural History (D. von Engelhardt); Brown-Séquard (M. J. Aminoff); Diabetes: The Biography (R. Tattersall); The Endocrine Organs (E. Schäfer); The Internal Secretions (E. Gley); Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (P. Weindling).
Demonstration that diabetes is a pancreatic disease. The outstanding progress of medical physiology led to the birth of endocrinology and the key concepts of homeostasis. Experimental scientists designed new procedures for complete pancreatectomy and elaboration of PE containing the antidiabetic principle. Organotherapy achieved complete success in the treatment of myxedema and partial success in the treatment of experimental and clinical diabetes.
The organotherapy of diabetes was an obliged step to facilitate the identification of the antidiabetic hormone. Organotherapy of diabetes was a paradigm for the integration of basic and applied knowledge about hormone action and development of endocrine pharmacology.
糖尿病器官疗法（胰腺提取物[PE]）早期发展的历史回顾及其与社会政治环境的关系。
当时糖尿病的诊断仅依赖于尿糖和主要症状的出现。血糖测定并不常见，需要大量样本进行检测。微量血糖测定方法直到研究期间的最后几年才发展起来。低血糖仍未被发现。由于抗糖尿病激素的未知化学结构，PE 的分离和纯化是困难的任务。
（1）柏林医学史博物馆（洪堡大学）。（2）GeDenKort 慈善事业责任。（3）普鲁士文化遗产秘密国家档案馆。（4）档案收藏，多伦多大学：托马斯·费舍尔稀有图书图书馆。医学科学院收藏，F.G.班廷论文集，C.H.贝斯特论文集，J.J.R.麦克劳德论文集。（5）国家医学图书馆：主题为胰岛素历史的 PubMed 搜索。医学史-课程大纲档案。（6）精选书籍：胰岛素的发现（M. Bliss）；糖尿病及其医学和文化史（D. von Engelhardt）；布朗-塞夸德（M. J. 阿明诺夫）；糖尿病：传记（R.塔特索尔）；内分泌器官（E. 谢弗）；内分泌（E. 盖利）；健康、种族与德国在 1870 年至 1945 年期间从统一到纳粹主义的政治（P. 温德林）。
证明糖尿病是一种胰腺疾病。医学生理学的杰出进步导致了内分泌学和内稳态关键概念的诞生。实验科学家设计了新的全胰切除术程序，并精心制备了含有降糖原理的 PE。器官疗法在治疗黏液水肿方面取得了完全成功，在治疗实验性和临床性糖尿病方面取得了部分成功。
糖尿病的器官疗法是识别降糖激素的必要步骤。糖尿病的器官疗法是基础和应用知识关于激素作用和内分泌药理学发展的综合范例。
