Instituto Interuniversitario López Piñero, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Acta Diabetol. 2022 Dec;59(12):1635-1651. doi: 10.1007/s00592-022-01976-y. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
The introduction of hormonal treatment in severe diabetes in 1922 represented a clinical and social impact similar to that of antibiotic therapy. In October 1923, the Assembly of the Karolinska Institute decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to the Canadian Frederick Grant Banting and the Scottish John James Rickard Macleod, researchers at the University of Toronto (UT), for "the discovery of insulin a year before". A few weeks later, European and American researchers protested the decision. The controversy remains to this day.
We have conducted a comprehensive review of primary and critical sources focused on the organotherapy of animal and human diabetes mellitus since 1889, when Oskar Minkowski demonstrated the induction of experimental diabetes by total pancreatectomy in the dog, until the spring of 1923, when the Nobel Foundation had already received all the nominations for the award in Physiology or Medicine.
The in-depth analysis of all these sources revealed that Europe was the cradle of the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone. The discovery involved multiple research steps headed by a long list of key investigators, mainly European.
Marcel Eugène Émile Gley was the first to demonstrate the presence of the "antidiabetic principle" in extracts from "sclerosed" pancreas. The French physiologist pioneered the successful reduction of glycosuria and diabetic symptoms by the parenteral administration of pancreatic extracts to depancreatized dogs in experiments developed between 1890 and 1905, antedating insulin in two decades.
1922 年引入严重糖尿病的激素治疗，其临床和社会影响与抗生素治疗相似。1923 年 10 月，卡罗林斯卡学院大会决定将诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予多伦多大学（UT）的加拿大弗雷德里克·格兰特·班廷（Frederick Grant Banting）和苏格兰的约翰·詹姆斯·理查德·麦克劳德（John James Rickard Macleod），以表彰他们“一年前”发现胰岛素。几周后，欧洲和美国的研究人员对这一决定提出了抗议。这场争议至今仍未平息。
我们对自 1889 年以来的主要和关键资料进行了全面回顾，这些资料集中在动物和人类糖尿病的器官治疗上，当时奥斯卡·明科夫斯基（Oskar Minkowski）在狗身上通过全胰切除术证明了实验性糖尿病的诱导，直到 1923 年春天，诺贝尔基金会已经收到了生理学或医学奖的所有提名。
对所有这些资料的深入分析表明，欧洲是发现抗糖尿病激素的发源地。这一发现涉及到多个研究步骤，由一长串的主要研究人员领导，主要是欧洲人。
马塞尔·欧仁·埃米尔·盖莱（Marcel Eugène Émile Gley）是第一个证明“抗糖尿病原理”存在于“硬化”胰腺提取物中的人。这位法国生理学家在 1905 年之间的实验中，率先通过对胰切除犬进行胰腺提取物的肠外给药，成功地降低了糖尿症和糖尿病症状，比胰岛素早了二十年。
