Ordu University, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, 52200, Ordu, Turkey.
Chem Biodivers. 2019 Dec;16(12):e1900373. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900373. Epub 2019 Nov 28.
Phytochemicals, which are commonly found at different levels in many medicinal plants, are natural strong antioxidants used in traditional medicine. In this research, determination of differences of phytochemical compositions and biological properties were aimed as periodically (pre-, full and post flowering) and daily (6 am, 1 pm and 8 pm) in Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor. The volatile oils belonging to A. gypsicola were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils were determined with disc diffusion method. The microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods and antioxidant capacities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, reducing power (RP) and metal chelating activity (MCA) assay. In addition, the phenolic acid and flavonoid compositions were evaluated by reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This study presented a comprehensive report for the first time on evaluation of the phytochemical composition and the biological properties of A. gypsicola at different phenological stages. Thirty-two compounds, containing the major component as camphor, 1,8-cineole and borneol, were detected. Designated harvest time for the highest yield of volatile oils was found to be at full flowering stage-1 pm. It has been observed that the volatile oil composition changes periodically and even daily. Also, in this research, menthol and menthone were found as the composition of volatile oil in Achillea species for the first time. Full flowering stage was found as the richest period in terms of phenolic acid and flavonoid compositions of A. gypsicola for the first time. The species examined in this research showed a high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in comparison to other studies with Achillea species. The volatile oils exhibited high performances with range of inhibition zones (8.3-42.3 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration values (2.25-144 μg/ml). Besides, a high correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic content of A. gypsicola was found. These results suggest that A. gypsicola can be used as a safe source in the cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries.
植物化学物质广泛存在于许多药用植物中，是传统医学中常用的天然抗氧化剂。本研究旨在定期（开花前、开花期和开花后）和每日（上午 6 点、下午 1 点和晚上 8 点）测定 Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor 中植物化学成分和生物特性的差异。通过水蒸气蒸馏法获得 Achillea gypsicola 的挥发油，并通过气相色谱-火焰离子化检测（GC-FID）和气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）进行分析。采用圆盘扩散法测定挥发油的抗菌活性。采用微量稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。采用分光光度法测定总酚和类黄酮含量，用 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基、还原能力（RP）和金属螯合活性（MCA）测定法评价抗氧化能力。此外，还通过反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）评价了酚酸和类黄酮的组成。本研究首次全面报告了不同物候期 Achillea gypsicola 的植物化学成分和生物特性评价。共检测到 32 种化合物，主要成分有樟脑、1,8-桉叶素和龙脑。发现挥发油产量最高的指定收获时间是开花期-下午 1 点。研究发现，挥发油的组成随时间而变化，甚至每日都在变化。此外，在这项研究中，薄荷醇和薄荷酮首次被发现是 Achillea 属挥发油的组成成分。首次发现开花期是 Achillea gypsicola 酚酸和类黄酮成分最丰富的时期。与其他 Achillea 种的研究相比，所研究的物种在抗氧化和抗菌活性方面表现出很高的活性。挥发油表现出较高的性能，抑菌圈范围为 8.3-42.3mm，最小抑菌浓度值为 2.25-144μg/ml。此外，还发现 Achillea gypsicola 的抗氧化活性与酚类含量之间存在高度相关性。这些结果表明，Achillea gypsicola 可以作为化妆品、食品和制药行业的安全来源。
