Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid membrane vesicles that are secreted from almost all kinds of cells into the extracellular space. EVs are widely accepted to be involved in various cellular processes; in particular, EVs derived from cancer cells have been reported to play important roles in modifying the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor progression. In addition, EVs derived from cancer cells encapsulate various kinds of tumor-specific molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, which contribute to cancer malignancy. Therefore, the unveiling of the precise mechanism of intercellular communication via EVs in cancer patients will provide a novel strategy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, a focus on the contents of EVs could promote the use of EVs in body fluids as clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current research knowledge on EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets and discuss their potential clinical applications.