Urabe Fumihiko, Kosaka Nobuyoshi, Kimura Takahiro, Egawa Shin, Ochiya Takahiro
Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Int J Urol. 2018 Jun;25(6):533-543. doi: 10.1111/iju.13594. Epub 2018 May 3.
Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized lipid membranous vesicles that are released from almost all types of cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicles have gained considerable attention in the past decade, and emerging evidence suggests that they play novel roles in mediating cancer biology. Extracellular vesicles contain pathogenic components, such as proteins, DNA fragments, messenger ribonucleic acids, non-coding ribonucleic acids and lipids, all of which mediate paracrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles impact the multistep process of cancer progression through modulation of the immune system, angiogenesis and pre-metastatic niche formation through transfer of their contents. Therefore, a better understanding of their roles in urological cancers will provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, the contents of extracellular vesicles hold promise for the discovery of liquid-based biomarkers for prostate, kidney and bladder cancers. Here, we summarize the current research regarding extracellular vesicles in urological cancer and discuss potential clinical applications for extracellular vesicles in urological cancer.
细胞外囊泡是纳米级的脂质膜泡，几乎可从所有类型的细胞释放到细胞外空间。在过去十年中，细胞外囊泡受到了广泛关注，新出现的证据表明它们在介导癌症生物学过程中发挥着新的作用。细胞外囊泡含有致病成分，如蛋白质、DNA片段、信使核糖核酸、非编码核糖核酸和脂质，所有这些成分都在肿瘤微环境中介导旁分泌信号传导。细胞外囊泡通过调节免疫系统、血管生成以及通过其内容物的转移形成前转移微环境，影响癌症进展的多步骤过程。因此，更好地了解它们在泌尿系统癌症中的作用将为新的治疗策略提供机会。此外，细胞外囊泡的内容物有望用于发现前列腺癌、肾癌和膀胱癌的液体生物标志物。在此，我们总结了目前关于泌尿系统癌症中细胞外囊泡的研究，并讨论了细胞外囊泡在泌尿系统癌症中的潜在临床应用。
