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回避还是参与?采用序贯复制单病例随机设计对慢性疼痛青少年进行分级暴露的结果。

Avoid or engage? Outcomes of graded exposure in youth with chronic pain using a sequential replicated single-case randomized design.

机构信息

Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.

Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium & Experimental Health Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

出版信息

Pain. 2020 Mar;161(3):520-531. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001735.

Abstract

Pain-related fear is typically associated with avoidance behavior and pain-related disability in youth with chronic pain. Youth with elevated pain-related fear have attenuated treatment responses; thus, targeted treatment is highly warranted. Evidence supporting graded in vivo exposure treatment (GET) for adults with chronic pain is considerable, but just emerging for youth. The current investigation represents the first sequential replicated and randomized single-case experimental phase design with multiple measures evaluating GET for youth with chronic pain, entitled GET Living. A cohort of 27 youth (81% female) with mixed chronic pain completed GET Living. For each participant, a no-treatment randomized baseline period was compared with GET Living and 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Daily changes in primary outcomes fear and avoidance and secondary outcomes pain catastrophizing, pain intensity, and pain acceptance were assessed using electronic diaries and subjected to descriptive and model-based inference analyses. Based on individual effect size calculations, a third of participants significantly improved by the end of treatment on fear, avoidance, and pain acceptance. By follow-up, over 80% of participants had improved across all primary and secondary outcomes. Model-based inference analysis results to examine the series of replicated cases were generally consistent. Improvements during GET Living was superior to the no-treatment randomized baseline period for avoidance, pain acceptance, and pain intensity, whereas fear and pain catastrophizing did not improve. All 5 outcomes emerged as significantly improved at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The results of this replicated single-case experimental phase design support the effectiveness of graded exposure for youth with chronic pain and elevated pain-related fear avoidance.

摘要

疼痛相关恐惧通常与青少年慢性疼痛患者的回避行为和疼痛相关残疾有关。疼痛相关恐惧水平较高的青少年治疗反应减弱;因此,有必要进行有针对性的治疗。支持针对成人慢性疼痛的分级现场暴露治疗(GET)的证据相当多,但对于青少年来说,这种证据才刚刚出现。目前的研究代表了第一个具有多个测量指标的、针对慢性疼痛青少年的 GET 重复复制和随机单病例实验阶段设计,该研究被称为 GET Living。共有 27 名(81%为女性)患有混合性慢性疼痛的青少年完成了 GET Living。对于每个参与者,将无治疗随机基线期与 GET Living 以及 3 个月和 6 个月的随访进行比较。使用电子日记评估恐惧和回避的主要结果以及疼痛灾难化、疼痛强度和疼痛接受的次要结果的日常变化,并进行描述性和基于模型的推断分析。根据个体效应量计算,三分之一的参与者在治疗结束时在恐惧、回避和疼痛接受方面显著改善。随访时,超过 80%的参与者在所有主要和次要结果上都有所改善。检查一系列重复案例的基于模型的推断分析结果基本一致。与无治疗随机基线期相比,在回避、疼痛接受和疼痛强度方面,GET Living 期间的改善更优,而恐惧和疼痛灾难化则没有改善。所有 5 个结果在 3 个月和 6 个月的随访中均显著改善。该重复单病例实验阶段设计的结果支持分级暴露对患有慢性疼痛和疼痛相关恐惧回避的青少年的有效性。

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