Examining outcome expectancies for smoking vs. abstinence among adult daily smokers.

In a motivational interviewing (MI) framework of decision-making, we consider potential outcomes for both a primary choice and an alternative choice (DiClemente & Velazquez, 2002). Thus, we would expect that motivation to quit smoking is related to expectancies for quitting smoking and expectancies for continuing to smoke. While smoking expectancies have been frequently studied, less attention has been paid to abstinence expectancies. The present study sought to clarify the predictive utility of smoking and abstinence expectancies together for smoking motivation and behavior, versus measuring smoking expectancies alone. Expectancies were measured at baseline; outcomes were measured at baseline and one-month follow-up. Smoking expectancies were assessed via the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (Copeland, Brandon, & Quinn, 1995), and abstinence expectancies were assessed via the Perceived Risks and Benefits of Quitting scale (McKee, O'Malley, Salovey, Krishnan-Sarin, & Mazure, 2005). Outcomes included motivation to quit (Contemplation Ladder, Biener & Abrams, 1991; Stage of Change, DiClemente et al., 1991), and average daily smoking rate. Data was analyzed for 183 smokers at baseline and 166 at follow-up. Baseline smoking expectancies and abstinence expectancies were each uniquely associated with concurrent motivation to quit, but not concurrent smoking rate. Abstinence expectancies uniquely predicted changes in smoking rate over time. Smoking and abstinence outcome expectancies may relate differently to smoking behavior, motivation to quit, and changes in these constructs over time.