Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Feb;206:107431. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107431. Epub 2019 Nov 7.
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, during which extensive brain development occurs. Since this period also overlaps with the initiation of drug use, it is important to consider how substance use during this time might produce long-term neurobiological alterations, especially against the backdrop of developmental changes in neurotransmission. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and opioids all produce marked changes in the expression and function of the neurotransmitter and receptor systems with which they interact. These acute and chronic alterations also contribute to behavioral consequences ranging from increased addiction risk to cognitive or neuropsychiatric behavioral dysfunctions. The current review provides an in-depth overview and update of the developmental changes in neurotransmission during adolescence, as well as the impact of drug exposure during this neurodevelopmental window. While most of these factors have been studied in animal models, which are the focus of this review, future longitudinal studies in humans that assess neural function and behavior will help to confirm pre-clinical findings. Furthermore, the neural changes induced by each drug should also be considered in the context of other contributing factors, such as sex. Further understanding of these consequences can help in the identification of novel approaches for preventing and reversing the neurobiological effects of adolescent substance use.
青春期是儿童期向成年期的过渡阶段，在此期间大脑会经历广泛的发育。由于这一时期也与药物使用的开始相重叠，因此需要考虑在此期间使用物质可能会产生长期的神经生物学改变，特别是在神经递质传递的发育变化背景下。酒精、大麻、尼古丁和阿片类药物都会显著改变与之相互作用的神经递质和受体系统的表达和功能。这些急性和慢性改变也导致了从增加成瘾风险到认知或神经精神行为功能障碍等行为后果。本综述深入概述和更新了青春期神经传递的发育变化，以及在此神经发育窗口期内药物暴露的影响。虽然这些因素中的大多数已在动物模型中进行了研究，这也是本综述的重点，但未来在人类中进行的评估神经功能和行为的纵向研究将有助于证实临床前发现。此外，每种药物引起的神经变化也应在其他因素（如性别）的背景下加以考虑。进一步了解这些后果有助于确定预防和逆转青少年物质使用的神经生物学影响的新方法。
