Zhang Yingyi, Quiñones Gonzalo M, Ferrarelli Fabio
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
Schizophr Res. 2020 Jul;221:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.002. Epub 2019 Nov 18.
Sleep spindles and slow waves are the two main oscillatory activities occurring during NREM sleep. Slow waves are ∼1 Hz, high amplitude, negative-positive deflections that are primarily generated and coordinated within the cortex, whereas sleep spindles are 12-16 Hz, waxing and waning oscillations that are initiated within the thalamus and regulated by thalamo-cortical circuits. In healthy subjects, these oscillations are thought to be responsible for the restorative aspects of sleep and have been increasingly shown to be involved in learning, memory and plasticity. Furthermore, deficits in sleep spindles and, to lesser extent, slow waves have been reported in both chronic schizophrenia (SCZ) and early course psychosis patients. In this article, we will first describe sleep spindle and slow wave characteristics, including their putative functional roles in the healthy brain. We will then review electrophysiological, genetic, and cognitive studies demonstrating spindle and slow wave impairments in SCZ and other psychotic disorders, with particularly emphasis on recent findings in early course patients. Finally, we will discuss how future work, including sleep studies in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, may help position spindles and slow waves as candidate biomarkers, as well as novel treatment targets, for SCZ and related psychotic disorders.
睡眠纺锤波和慢波是在非快速眼动睡眠期间出现的两种主要振荡活动。慢波频率约为1赫兹，振幅高，呈正负偏转，主要在皮质内产生和协调，而睡眠纺锤波频率为12 - 16赫兹，是在丘脑内起始并由丘脑 - 皮质回路调节的强弱变化的振荡。在健康受试者中，这些振荡被认为负责睡眠的恢复功能，并且越来越多地显示其与学习、记忆和可塑性有关。此外，慢性精神分裂症（SCZ）患者和早期精神病患者均有睡眠纺锤波缺陷的报道，慢波缺陷的报道相对较少。在本文中，我们首先将描述睡眠纺锤波和慢波的特征，包括它们在健康大脑中的假定功能作用。然后，我们将综述电生理学、遗传学和认知研究，这些研究表明SCZ和其他精神病性障碍中存在纺锤波和慢波损伤，特别强调早期患者的最新研究结果。最后，我们将讨论未来的研究工作，包括对临床高危精神病个体的睡眠研究，如何有助于将纺锤波和慢波定位为SCZ及相关精神病性障碍的候选生物标志物以及新的治疗靶点。
