Källén B
Department of Embryology, University of Lund, Sweden.
Teratology. 1988 Jul;38(1):45-50. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420380107.
With the aid of data in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry for infants with hypospadias and controls, a number of variables were compared. Records of infants born in 1982-1983 (188 cases and 376 matched controls) contained information on involuntary infertility, previous spontaneous and induced abortions, use of oral contraceptives or a remaining IUD at conception, smoking in early pregnancy, occupation in early pregnancy, family situation, and diagnoses given during pregnancy and at delivery, including information on caesarean section and vacuum extraction. Among all variables studied, only one group of statistically significant differences appeared: women whose sons had hypospadias more often than controls had a diagnosis of weak contractions, a higher rate of induced deliveries, and also a higher rate of caesarean sections. The finding of a higher caesarean section rate in infants with hypospadias was verified in a separate study of 1,736 hypospadic infants delivered in 1973-1981 and compared with all births in Sweden during that period. No difference in the rate of vacuum extractions was seen. This finding is interpreted as a result of an abnormality of the fetal-placental-maternal organism interaction, perhaps also disturbing the early pregnancy and increasing the risk for hypospadias.
借助瑞典医学出生登记处关于尿道下裂患儿及其对照的数据，对一些变量进行了比较。1982 - 1983年出生婴儿的记录（188例病例和376例匹配对照）包含了关于非自愿性不孕、既往自然流产和人工流产、受孕时口服避孕药或残留宫内节育器的使用情况、孕早期吸烟、孕早期职业、家庭状况以及孕期和分娩时的诊断信息，包括剖宫产和真空吸引的信息。在所有研究的变量中，仅出现了一组具有统计学意义的差异：儿子患有尿道下裂的女性比对照组更常被诊断为宫缩乏力、引产率更高，剖宫产率也更高。在一项对1973 - 1981年出生的1736例尿道下裂患儿的单独研究中，与同期瑞典所有出生情况进行比较，证实了尿道下裂患儿剖宫产率较高这一发现。未观察到真空吸引率的差异。这一发现被解释为胎儿 - 胎盘 - 母体生物相互作用异常的结果，可能还会干扰孕早期并增加尿道下裂的风险。
