Improvising at rest: Differentiating jazz and classical music training with resting state functional connectivity.

Jazz improvisation offers a model for creative cognition, as it involves the real-time creation of a novel, information-rich product. Previous research has shown that when musicians improvise, they recruit regions in the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Executive Control Network (ECN). Here, we ask whether these findings from task-fMRI studies might extend to intrinsic differences in resting state functional connectivity. We compared Improvising musicians, Classical musicians, and Minimally Musically Trained (MMT) controls in seed-based functional connectivity and network analyses in resting state functional MRI. We also examined the functional correlates of behavioral performance in musical improvisation and divergent thinking. Seed-based analysis consistently showed higher connectivity in ventral DMN (vDMN) and bilateral ECN in both groups of musically trained individuals as compared to MMT controls, with additional group differences in primary visual network. In particular, primary visual network connectivity to DMN and ECN was highest in Improvisational musicians, as was connectivity between ECN and DMN; in contrast, connectivity between vDMN and frontal pole was highest in Classical musicians. Furthermore, graph-theoretical analysis indicated heightened network measures in both musician groups, with betweenness centrality, clustering, and local efficiency showing highest levels in Classical musicians, and degrees and strengths showing highest levels in Improvisational musicians. Taken together, results suggest that heightened functional connectivity among musicians can be explained by higher within-network connectivity (more tight-knit cortical networks) in Classical musicians, as opposed to more disperse, globally-connected cortical networks in Improvisational musicians.