School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jan;27(2):1339-1347. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07045-2. Epub 2019 Dec 12.
Water contamination with pharmaceutical products is a well-studied problem. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of anticancer drugs in different water resources that failed to be eliminated by conventional wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of this report was to conduct a systematic review of anticancer drugs in the aquatic environment. The methodology adopted was carried out in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. From the 75 studies that met the specific requirements for inclusion, data extracted showed that the most common anticancer drugs studied are cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, ifosfamide and methotrexate with concentrations measured ranging between 0.01 and 86,200 ng/L. There was significant variation in the methodologies employed due to lack of available guidelines to address sampling techniques, seasonal variability and analytical strategy. The most routinely used technique for quantitative determination was found to be solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS analysis. The lowest reported recovery percentage was 11%, and the highest limit of detection was 1700 ng/L. This indicated the inadequacy of some methods to analyse anticancer drugs and the failure to obtain reliable results. The significant heterogeneity within methodologies made it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions, nevertheless, this study aids in the extrapolation of proposed recommendations to guide future studies and reviews. Graphical abstract.
水污染与药品是一个研究较多的问题。许多研究表明，在未能被传统污水处理厂去除的不同水资源中存在抗癌药物。本报告的目的是对水环境中的抗癌药物进行系统综述。所采用的方法符合 PRISMA 指南。在符合纳入标准的 75 项研究中，提取的数据显示，研究最多的常见抗癌药物是环磷酰胺、他莫昔芬、异环磷酰胺和甲氨蝶呤，测量浓度范围在 0.01 至 86200ng/L 之间。由于缺乏针对采样技术、季节性变化和分析策略的可用指南，所采用的方法存在显著差异。最常用于定量测定的技术是固相萃取，然后是 LC-MS 分析。报告的最低回收率为 11%，最高检测限为 1700ng/L。这表明一些方法分析抗癌药物的能力不足，无法获得可靠的结果。方法内的显著异质性使得难以比较结果和得出结论，然而，本研究有助于推断提出的建议，以指导未来的研究和综述。
