Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
PLoS One. 2019 Dec 30;14(12):e0218360. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218360. eCollection 2019.
Microbial ingredients such as Candida utilis yeast are known to be functional protein sources with immunomodulating effects whereas soybean meal causes soybean meal-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Inflammatory or immunomodulatory stimuli at the local level in the intestine may alter the plasma proteome profile of Atlantic salmon. These deviations can be helpful indicators for fish health and, therefore potential tools in the diagnosis of fish diseases. The present work aimed to identify local intestinal tissue responses and changes in plasma protein profiles of Atlantic salmon fed inactive dry Candida utilis yeast biomass, soybean meal, or combination of soybean meal based diet with various inclusion levels of Candida utilis. A fishmeal based diet was used as control diet. Inclusion of Candida utilis yeast to a fishmeal based diet did not alter the morphology, immune cell population or gene expression of the distal intestine. Lower levels of Candida utilis combined with soybean meal modulated immune cell populations in the distal intestine and reduced the severity of soybean meal-induced enteritis, while higher inclusion levels of Candida utilis were less effective. Changes in the plasma proteomic profile revealed differences between the diets but did not indicate any specific proteins that could be a marker for health or disease. The results suggest that Candida utilis does not alter intestinal morphology or induce major changes in plasma proteome, and thus could be a high-quality alternative protein source with potential functional properties in diets for Atlantic salmon.
微生物成分，如产朊假丝酵母，被认为是具有免疫调节作用的功能性蛋白质来源，而豆粕会引起大西洋鲑（Salmo salar L.）远端肠道的豆粕诱导性肠炎。肠道局部的炎症或免疫调节刺激可能会改变大西洋鲑的血浆蛋白质组谱。这些偏差可以作为鱼类健康的有用指标，因此也可能成为鱼类疾病诊断的潜在工具。本研究旨在鉴定投喂非活性干酵母产朊假丝酵母生物质、豆粕或含不同水平产朊假丝酵母的豆粕基础饲料组合的大西洋鲑的肠道组织局部反应和血浆蛋白质组谱的变化，以鱼粉基础饲料作为对照。在鱼粉基础饲料中添加产朊假丝酵母不会改变远端肠道的形态、免疫细胞群体或基因表达。较低水平的产朊假丝酵母与豆粕结合可调节远端肠道的免疫细胞群体，并减轻豆粕诱导性肠炎的严重程度，而较高水平的产朊假丝酵母则效果较差。血浆蛋白质组谱的变化揭示了不同饲料之间的差异，但并未表明任何特定的蛋白质可以作为健康或疾病的标志物。研究结果表明，产朊假丝酵母不会改变肠道形态或引起血浆蛋白质组的重大变化，因此它可能是一种高质量的替代蛋白质来源，具有在大西洋鲑饲料中发挥潜在功能特性的潜力。
