1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
2Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, CA USA.
Mol Autism. 2019 Dec 18;10:48. doi: 10.1186/s13229-019-0298-9. eCollection 2019.
The aim of this paper was to provide an initial validation of a newly developed parent questionnaire-the Stanford Social Dimensions Scale (SSDS), designed to capture individual differences across several key social dimensions including social motivation in children and adolescents with and without psychiatric disorders.
The initial validation sample was comprised of parents of 175 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (35 females, 140 males; = 7.19 years, = 3.96) and the replication sample consisted of 624 parents of children who were either typically developing or presented with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders (302 females, 322 males; = 11.49 years, SD = 4.48). Parents from both samples completed the SSDS and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2).
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling indicated that a 5-factor model provided adequate to excellent fit to the data in the initial ASD sample (comparative fit index [CFI] = .940, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = .919, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .048, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .038). The identified factors were interpreted as Social Motivation, Social Affiliation, Expressive Social Communication, Social Recognition, and Unusual Approach. This factor structure was further confirmed in Sample 2 (CFI = 946, TLI = .930, RMSEA = .044, SRMR = .026). Internal consistency for all subscales was in the good to excellent range across both samples as indicated by Composite Reliability scores of ≥ .72. Convergent and divergent validity was strong as indexed by the pattern of correlations with relevant SRS-2 and Child Behavior Checklist domains and with verbal and non-verbal intellectual functioning scores in Sample 1 and with the Need to Belong Scale and Child Social Preference Scale scores in Sample 2. Across both samples, females had higher social motivation and expressive social communication scores. Discriminant validity was strong given that across all SSDS subscales, the ASD sample had significantly higher impairment than both the typically developing group and the group with other clinical conditions, which in turn, had significantly higher impairment than the typically developing group.
Our findings provide initial validation of a new scale designed to comprehensively capture individual differences in social motivation and other key social dimensions in ASD.
本文旨在对新开发的家长问卷——斯坦福社会维度量表（SSDS）进行初步验证，该量表旨在捕捉儿童和青少年中包括社会动机在内的几个关键社会维度的个体差异，这些儿童和青少年包括有和没有精神障碍的自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）患者。
初始验证样本由 175 名自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）患者的家长组成（35 名女性，140 名男性；平均年龄为 7.19 岁，标准差为 3.96），复制样本由 624 名有或没有神经发育和神经精神障碍的儿童的家长组成（302 名女性，322 名男性；平均年龄为 11.49 岁，标准差为 4.48）。两个样本的家长均完成了 SSDS 和社会反应量表（SRS-2）。
探索性结构方程模型表明，在初始 ASD 样本中，五因素模型对数据具有足够到优秀的拟合度（比较拟合指数 [CFI] =.940，Tucker-Lewis 指数 [TLI] =.919，近似均方根误差 [RMSEA] =.048，标准化均方根残差 [SRMR] =.038）。确定的因素被解释为社会动机、社会联系、表达性社会沟通、社会识别和异常接近。这一结构在样本 2 中得到了进一步的证实（CFI = 946，TLI =.930，RMSEA =.044，SRMR =.026）。两个样本的所有分量表的内部一致性均在良好到优秀范围内，综合可靠性分数均≥.72。在样本 1 中，与相关 SRS-2 和儿童行为检查表领域以及言语和非言语智力功能评分的相关性，以及在样本 2 中与归属感量表和儿童社会偏好量表的相关性，均显示出很强的聚合和发散效度。在两个样本中，女性的社会动机和表达性社会沟通得分更高。鉴于所有 SSDS 分量表的得分，ASD 样本的障碍程度明显高于其他两个样本，而其他两个样本的障碍程度又明显高于正常发育的样本。
我们的研究结果为新开发的旨在全面捕捉 ASD 中社会动机和其他关键社会维度个体差异的量表提供了初步验证。
