Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 30;17(1):256. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010256.
There is accumulating evidence in the biomedical literature suggesting the role of smoking in increasing the risk of oral diseases including some oral cancers. Smoking alters microbial attributes of the oral cavity by decreasing the commensal microbial population and increasing the pathogenic microbes. This study aims to investigate the shift in the salivary microbiota between smokers and non-smokers in Jordan. Our methods relied on high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) experiments for V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis including advanced multidimensional data visualization methods and statistical analysis approaches. Six genera-, , , , , and -predominated the salivary microbiota of all samples with different percentages suggesting the possibility for the salivary microbiome to restored after quitting smoking. Three genera-, , and -showed significantly elevated levels among smokers at the expense of in non-smokers. In conclusion, smoking has a definite impact on shifting the salivary microbiota in smokers. We can suggest that there is microbial signature at the genera level that can be used to classify smokers and non-smokers by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) based on the salivary abundance of genera. Proteomics and metabolomics studies are highly recommended to fully understand the effect of bacterial endotoxin release and xenobiotic metabolism on the bacterial interrelationships in the salivary microbiome and how they affect the growth of each other in the saliva of smokers.
越来越多的生物医学文献证据表明，吸烟会增加包括某些口腔癌在内的口腔疾病的风险。吸烟通过减少共生微生物群并增加病原微生物来改变口腔的微生物特性。本研究旨在调查约旦吸烟者和不吸烟者之间唾液微生物群的变化。我们的方法依赖于高通量下一代测序 (NGS) 实验，用于 16S rRNA 基因的 V3-V4 高变区，然后进行全面的生物信息学分析，包括先进的多维数据可视化方法和统计分析方法。六个属-、、、、、和-在所有样本的唾液微生物群中占主导地位，不同的百分比表明在戒烟后唾液微生物组有恢复的可能性。三个属-、和-在吸烟者中显著升高，而在不吸烟者中则降低。总之，吸烟对改变吸烟者的唾液微生物群有明确的影响。我们可以建议，在基于属的唾液丰度上，有微生物特征可以用于通过线性判别分析效应大小 (LEfSe) 来区分吸烟者和不吸烟者。强烈推荐蛋白质组学和代谢组学研究，以充分了解细菌内毒素释放和外源性代谢物对唾液微生物组中细菌相互关系的影响，以及它们如何影响彼此在吸烟者唾液中的生长。
