Low-Level Radioactivity Research Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, O-24 Wake-machi, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishitsugawa-machi, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 8;17(2):431. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17020431.
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected during the summer and winter in five cities in China (Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai), Russia (Vladivostok), and Korea (Busan) from 1997 to 2014. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings, including pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[]pyrene (BaP), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrobenzo[]pyrene (6-NBaP), were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with online reduction/chemiluminescence detection. Two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenyang, showed very high concentrations of total PAHs (ΣPAH) and total NPAHs (ΣNPAH) with a large seasonal difference (winter > summer), although the concentrations decreased over time. In both cities, maximum mean concentrations of ΣPAH over 200 ng m were observed in the winter. In Beijing, an increase in the ΣPAH concentration was observed in the winter of 2010, which was after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio, a diagnostic parameter for source, was smaller in the winter than in the summer over the monitoring period, suggesting a large contribution of coal heating systems in the winter. In Vladivostok, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were lower than in the above two Chinese cities. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio was larger than in the above Chinese cities even in the winter, suggesting that the contribution of coal combustion facilities, such as power plants for heating, was not very large. In Shanghai and Busan, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were much lower than in the above three cities. At the beginning of the monitoring periods, the [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratios, which were as large as those of Japanese commercial cities, suggested a large contribution from automobiles. After that, the contribution of automobiles decreased gradually. However, BaP concentrations were still over 1 ng m in all cities monitored in China, Russia, and Korea, suggesting that the urban air pollution of PAHs and NPAHs in these regions should not be ignored.
1997 年至 2014 年，在中国（沈阳、北京和上海）、俄罗斯（符拉迪沃斯托克）和韩国（釜山）的五个城市采集了总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）。使用高效液相色谱法和荧光检测法测定了具有四个到六个环的九种多环芳烃（PAHs），包括芘（Pyr）和苯并[a]芘（BaP）。使用高效液相色谱法和在线还原/化学发光检测法还测定了两种硝基多环芳烃（NPAHs），1-硝基芘（1-NP）和 6-硝基苯并[a]芘（6-NBaP）。两个中国城市北京和沈阳的总多环芳烃（ΣPAH）和总硝基多环芳烃（ΣNPAH）浓度非常高，且具有较大的季节性差异（冬季>夏季），尽管浓度随时间推移而降低。在这两个城市，冬季观测到超过 200ng/m³的ΣPAH 最大平均浓度。在北京，2010 年冬季的 ΣPAH 浓度有所增加，这是在 2008 年北京奥运会之后。在整个监测期间，冬季的[1-NP]/[Pyr]比值（源的诊断参数）小于夏季，这表明冬季煤炭供暖系统的贡献较大。在符拉迪沃斯托克，ΣPAH 和 ΣNPAH 的浓度低于上述两个中国城市。即使在冬季，[1-NP]/[Pyr]比值也大于上述中国城市，这表明用于供暖的电厂等煤炭燃烧设施的贡献不是很大。在上海和釜山，ΣPAH 和 ΣNPAH 的浓度远低于上述三个城市。在监测开始时，与日本商业城市相当大的[1-NP]/[Pyr]比值表明汽车的贡献很大。之后，汽车的贡献逐渐减少。然而，在中国、俄罗斯和韩国所有监测城市，BaP 浓度仍超过 1ng/m³，这表明这些地区的城市多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃的空气污染不容忽视。
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