Controlling the Release of Amphiphilic Liposomes from Alginate Hydrogel Particles for Antifouling Paint.

As an alternative to the toxic antifouling paint that minimizes the adhesion force between organic molecules on large surfaces, a paint containing hydrogel particles encapsulating amphiphilic liposomes has been suggested. However, the release rate of liposomes, which is important for maximizing the antifouling performance, has not been adequately explored. We investigated the control of the release rate of liposomes encapsulated in alginate. Monodispersed alginate particles were generated using 3D-printed microfluidic devices, and their sizes were varied through the channel size, flow rate, and alginate concentration in the microfluidic devices ([Formula: see text]). The release rate of liposomes from the alginate particles was experimentally monitored under various conditions: alginate concentration, surrounding solution, and ambient fluid flow. The effects of chemical and mechanical stimuli on the effective diffusion coefficient () of amphiphilic liposomes were analyzed, and accordingly, the best production conditions for antifouling alginate particles are suggested. This study provides essential physical insights and is useful for optimizing the performance of eco-friendly antifouling paint that includes alginate particles.