Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr;20(2):138-148. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000629.
The body's largest microbial community, the gut microbiome, is in contact with mucosal surfaces populated with epithelial, immune, endocrine and nerve cells, all of which sense and respond to microbial signals. These mutual interactions have led to a functional coevolution between the microbes and human physiology. Examples of coadaptation are anaerobes Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides, which have adjusted their metabolism to dietary components of human milk, and infant immune development, which has evolved to become reliant on the presence of beneficial microbes. Current research suggests that specific composition of the early-life gut microbiome aligns with the maturation of host immunity. Disruptions of natural microbial succession patterns during gut colonization are a consistent feature of immune-mediated diseases, including atopy and asthma.
Here, we catalog recent birth cohorts documenting associations between immune dysregulation and microbial alterations, and summarize the evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiome as an etiological determinant of immune-mediated allergic diseases.
Ecological concepts that describe microbial dynamics in the context of the host environment, and a portray of immune and neuroendocrine signaling induced by host-microbiome interactions, have become indispensable in describing the molecular role of early-life microbiome in atopy and asthma susceptibility.
人体最大的微生物群落——肠道微生物群，与黏膜表面的上皮细胞、免疫细胞、内分泌细胞和神经细胞接触，所有这些细胞都能感知和响应微生物信号。这些相互作用导致了微生物与人类生理学之间的功能共同进化。共适应的例子是双歧杆菌和拟杆菌等厌氧菌，它们已经调整了自己的新陈代谢，以适应人乳中的饮食成分，而婴儿的免疫发育也进化到依赖有益微生物的存在。目前的研究表明，早期肠道微生物组的特定组成与宿主免疫的成熟相一致。在肠道定植过程中，天然微生物演替模式的破坏是免疫介导性疾病（包括特应性和哮喘）的一个一致特征。
在这里，我们列出了最近的出生队列研究，这些研究记录了免疫失调与微生物变化之间的关联，并总结了支持肠道微生物群作为免疫介导的过敏性疾病病因决定因素的证据。
描述宿主环境中微生物动态的生态概念，以及宿主-微生物相互作用诱导的免疫和神经内分泌信号的描述，对于描述早期生活微生物组在特应性和哮喘易感性中的分子作用变得不可或缺。
