Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Department of Chemistry, Benedictine College, Atchison, KS 66002, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2020 Feb 24;49(4):1090-1108. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00543a.
Inorganic phosphate has numerous biomedical functions. Regulated primarily by the kidneys, phosphate reaches abnormally high blood levels in patients with advanced renal diseases. Since phosphate cannot be efficiently removed by dialysis, the resulting hyperphosphatemia leads to increased mortality. Phosphate is also an important component of the environmental chemistry of surface water. Although required to secure our food supply, inorganic phosphate is also linked to eutrophication and the spread of algal blooms with an increasing economic and environmental burden. Key to resolving both of these issues is the development of accurate probes and molecular receptors for inorganic phosphate. Yet, quantifying phosphate in complex aqueous media remains challenging, as is the development of supramolecular receptors that have adequate sensitivity and selectivity for use in either blood or surface waters. Metal-based receptors are particularly well-suited for these applications as they can overcome the high hydration enthalpy of phosphate that limits the effectiveness of many organic receptors in water. Three different strategies are most commonly employed with inorganic receptors for anions: metal extrusion assays, responsive molecular receptors, and indicator displacement assays. In this review, the requirements for molecular receptors and probes for environmental applications are outlined. The different strategies deployed to recognize and sense phosphate with metal ions will be detailed, and their advantages and shortfalls will be delineated with key examples from the literature.
无机磷酸盐具有许多生物医学功能。受肾脏的主要调节，磷酸盐在晚期肾病患者的血液中达到异常高的水平。由于磷酸盐不能通过透析有效地去除，导致高磷酸盐血症，增加死亡率。磷酸盐也是地表水环境化学的重要组成部分。尽管磷酸盐是确保我们食物供应所必需的，但它也与富营养化和藻类大量繁殖有关，这给经济和环境带来了越来越大的负担。解决这两个问题的关键是开发用于无机磷酸盐的准确探针和分子受体。然而，在复杂的水介质中定量检测磷酸盐仍然具有挑战性，开发出对血液或地表水具有足够灵敏度和选择性的超分子受体也具有挑战性。基于金属的受体特别适用于这些应用，因为它们可以克服磷酸盐的高水合焓，限制了许多有机受体在水中的有效性。用于阴离子的无机受体通常采用三种不同的策略：金属挤出测定法、响应性分子受体和指示剂置换测定法。在这篇综述中，概述了用于环境应用的分子受体和探针的要求。详细介绍了用于识别和检测磷酸盐的金属离子所采用的不同策略，并通过文献中的关键实例阐述了它们的优缺点。
