Although unequivocal evidence has shown the prognostic relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), less evidence is available for its significance in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) in early breast cancer (BC). Here we conducted an analysis of individual data from 86 patients confirmed as invasive BC by core-needle biopsy in Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between June 2013 and January 2017. The CTCs were assessed at the time after diagnosis and before surgery with the CanPatrol technique. The median follow-up duration was 46.3 months. CTCs were detected in 37.2% of all patients (29/78) at baseline, and the presence of CTCs was associated with tumor size, tumor stage, and molecular classification. After NCT, the CTC-positive patients were dropped from 29 to 8, and the EC-T (epirubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel) and TEC (docetaxel/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide) strategies reduce CTC-positive patients from 16 to 3 and 13 to 5, respectively. The CTC-negative conversion rates were similar in ER/PR+ HER2+ (5/7, 71.4%), ER/PR- HER2+ (8/11, 72.7%), and TNBC (7/10, 70%) during NCT. In addition, we explored the association between CTC-negative conversion and objective response rate (partial response and complete response, ORR) and pathological complete response rate (pCR), and our results indicate that ORR was higher in patients with positive CTCs and converted to negative after NCT (ORR, P = .013; pCR, P = .0608). Our study preliminarily highlights the relevance of CTC status and NCT effectiveness in early BC using the CanPatrol system.