The interplay between cognitive control and emotional processing in children and adolescents.

This study examined interactions between cognitive control and emotional processing throughout adolescent development. In particular, we investigated whether age differences in response inhibition and initiation were influenced by an emotional expression of faces and whether the effects differed from processing of nonemotional features of faces. Therefore, we applied two versions of a Go/No-go task, an emotional task requiring responding or withholding responding to happy and angry faces, and a gender task including decisions to female and male faces in a large sample (N = 187, age range = 9-18 years). Considering theoretical assumptions of dual-system models that mid-adolescents are more susceptible to the processing of emotional contents, we expected more inefficient response inhibition on happy and angry trials than on neutral trials. We also expected that these effects would be specific to emotional contents. Results indicated that both response inhibition and initiation showed linear improvements with increasing age. Response inhibition was hampered in the presence of happy and angry faces, especially in mid-adolescents and late adolescents. In contrast, response initiation was highly facilitated to happy faces, indicating a happy effect, leading to more accurate responding in all age groups and to faster responding especially in late adolescents. Children, in contrast to late adolescents, were more accurate in response inhibition and initiation when the gender was task relevant. Results are in line with dual-system models, assuming a higher sensitivity to emotional features from mid-adolescents onward but not to other features such as gender.