Psychological Interventions for Patients With Advanced Disease: Implications for Oncology and Palliative Care.

A growing body of research demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of psychological interventions for adult patients with advanced cancer. Findings from quantitative studies of psychotherapeutic interventions with primary psychological outcomes for such patients are reviewed here and recommendations for best practice are made. We consider these interventions according to three broad phases in which they are most commonly applied: soon after diagnosis of advanced cancer, when living with the disease, and at or near the end of life. Cumulative evidence from well-designed studies demonstrates the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for patients with advanced disease to relieve and prevent depression, anxiety, and distress related to dying and death, as well as to enhance the sense of meaning and preparation for end of life. Individual and couple-based interventions have been proven to be most feasible, and the development and use of tailored and validated measures has enhanced the rigor of research and clinical care. Palliative care nurses and physicians can be trained to deliver many such interventions, but a core of psychosocial clinicians, including social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists, is usually required to train other health professionals in their delivery and to ensure their quality. Few of the interventions for which there is evidence of effectiveness have been routinely incorporated into oncology or palliative care. Advocacy on the basis of this evidence is required to build psychosocial resources in cancer treatment settings and to ensure that psychological care receives the same priority as other aspects of palliative care in oncology.