Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020 Jan 14;2020:6450450. doi: 10.1155/2020/6450450. eCollection 2020.
The use of flavoured tobacco products in waterpipe smoking (WPS) has increased its attractiveness and consumption. Nonetheless, the influence of flavourings on pulmonary toxicity caused by WPS remains unclear. Here, the pulmonary toxicity induced by plain (P)-WPS, apple-flavoured (AF)-WPS, and strawberry-flavoured (SF)-WPS (30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 1 month) was investigated in mice. Control mice were exposed to air. Exposure to P-WPS or AF-WPS or SF-WPS induced a dose-dependent increase of airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. The histological evaluation of the lungs in all the WPS groups revealed the presence focal areas of dilated alveolar spaces and foci of widening of interalveolar spaces with inflammatory cells. In the lung, the activity of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor- and glutathione were increased by the exposure to P-WPS, AF-WPS, or SF-WPS. However, the levels of interleukin-6 and catalase were only increased in the AF-WPS and SF-WPS groups, while nitric oxide activity was only increased in the SF-WPS group. DNA injury was increased in all the WPS groups, but the concentration of cleaved caspase-3 was only elevated in the SF-WPS group. The exposure to either P-WPS or AF-WPS or SF-WPS increased the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B) in the lung. In conclusion, the exposure to P-WPS or AF-WPS or SF-WPS induces alterations in lung function and morphology and causes oxidative stress and inflammation via mechanisms that include activation of NF-B. Overall, the toxicity of flavoured tobacco WPS, in particular SF-WPS, was found to be greater than that of unflavoured WPS.
水烟（WPS）中使用调味烟草产品增加了其吸引力和消费。尽管如此，调味剂对 WPS 引起的肺毒性的影响仍不清楚。在这里，研究了普通（P）-WPS、苹果味（AF）-WPS 和草莓味（SF）-WPS（每天 30 分钟，每周 5 天，持续 1 个月）对小鼠的肺毒性。对照小鼠暴露于空气中。暴露于 P-WPS 或 AF-WPS 或 SF-WPS 会导致气道对乙酰甲胆碱的反应性呈剂量依赖性增加。所有 WPS 组的肺部组织学评估显示存在扩张的肺泡空间和肺泡空间变宽的局灶性区域，伴有炎症细胞。在肺中，中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶和髓过氧化物酶的活性以及肿瘤坏死因子-α和谷胱甘肽的浓度因暴露于 P-WPS、AF-WPS 或 SF-WPS 而增加。然而，白细胞介素-6 和过氧化氢酶的水平仅在 AF-WPS 和 SF-WPS 组中增加，而一氧化氮活性仅在 SF-WPS 组中增加。所有 WPS 组的 DNA 损伤均增加，但仅在 SF-WPS 组中 cleaved caspase-3 的浓度升高。暴露于 P-WPS、AF-WPS 或 SF-WPS 均增加了肺中核因子 kappa-B（NF-B）的表达。总之，暴露于 P-WPS、AF-WPS 或 SF-WPS 会导致肺功能和形态发生改变，并通过包括 NF-B 激活在内的机制引起氧化应激和炎症。总的来说，调味烟草 WPS 的毒性，特别是 SF-WPS，比无味 WPS 更大。
