Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - PSL, IRD, 34293, Montpellier, France.
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2020 Jun;95(3):782-801. doi: 10.1111/brv.12587. Epub 2020 Feb 11.
Human-driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio-ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long-standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long-term dynamics. If co-existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.
人类主导的物种灭绝迫在眉睫，是一个主要危机。然而，在北半球的许多地区，鹿和狼群的恢复却导致了冲突和争议，而不是缓解。这两个物种以复杂的方式与它们的环境、彼此以及人类相互作用。我们在与这些物种相关的生态和人类成本和收益的背景下审查这些相互作用。我们整合了分散的信息，扩大了我们对这些成本和收益的性质和感知的视角，以及它们如何相互联系以及与如何管理鹿和狼群有关的持续争议。在重新审视鹿和狼在当代生态系统中所扮演的生态角色之后，我们探讨了它们如何与包括农民、林务员、牧民和猎人在内的人类群体直接和间接相互作用。与鹿和狼的相互作用产生了各种紧张关系，带来了生态和社会学方面的挑战。解决这些紧张关系和冲突需要我们使用综合方法来回答关键问题：鹿和狼的恢复会带来哪些生态后果？它们如何相互影响？大量鹿群和狼群存在会带来哪些社会和社会生态后果？最后，为了让鹿、狼和人类能够共存，我们必须克服哪些关键障碍？回顾当代的生态和社会学成果，为我们提供了一些见解和方法，以改善我们对共存的理解并解决长期存在的挑战。我们应该首先同意在与鹿和狼相互作用的过程中，既要增加总体收益，又要将我们承担的集体成本降到最低。我们还应该将这些物种以及我们自己视为受到长期动态影响的综合生态系统的一部分。如果共存是我们的目标，我们需要鹿和狼以与人类利益相兼容的方式继续存在。然而，我们的人类利益应该是包容的，并且公平地重视鹿和狼所带来的所有成本和收益，包括它们的内在价值。已经发生的人类态度和文化学习的转变将重塑我们与鹿和狼的生态互动。
