O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
Chemosphere. 2020 Apr;244:125505. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125505. Epub 2019 Nov 29.
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives are widely used in many consumer products, including furniture, kitchenware, and plastics. However, very limited knowledge exists on human exposure to MEL and its derivatives, especially in the indoor environment. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 11 MEL derivatives in childcare facilities and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and samples of nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Eight MEL-based compounds were detected in dust, and total MEL concentrations ranged from 429 to 117,000 ng/g. The most abundant compounds found in the dust samples were MEL, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD), with median concentrations of 1620, 585, 1060, and 299 ng/g, respectively. MEL, CYA, AMN and 2,4,6-tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (TBMMAT) were also detected in nap mats with median concentrations of 45.6, 19.8, 1510 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. ΣMEL concentrations in mat covers (median 709 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in mat foam (median 15.1 ng/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MEL and its derivatives via dust ingestion were two orders of magnitude higher than the EDIs through dermal absorption, but both were below the established tolerable daily intake levels. This is the first report on exposure to MEL and its derivatives in the childcare environment.
三聚氰胺（MEL）及其衍生物广泛应用于许多消费品，包括家具、厨具和塑料。然而，人们对三聚氰胺及其衍生物在人类中的暴露情况知之甚少，尤其是在室内环境中。在这里，我们确定了 11 种三聚氰胺衍生物在儿童保育设施中的存在和分布，并通过灰尘摄入和皮肤吸收来估计儿童的暴露情况。我们分析了来自美国 8 个设施的儿童保育设施中的灰尘和午睡垫样本，午睡垫是许多儿童保育场所常用的物品。在灰尘中检测到了 8 种基于三聚氰胺的化合物，总三聚氰胺浓度范围为 429 至 117,000 ng/g。在灰尘样本中发现的最丰富的化合物是三聚氰胺、氰尿酸（CYA）、三聚氰胺（AMN）和三聚氰胺酰胺（AMD），其浓度中位数分别为 1620、585、1060 和 299 ng/g。在午睡垫中还检测到了三聚氰胺、氰尿酸、三聚氰胺和 2,4,6-三[双（甲氧基甲基）氨基]-1,3,5-三嗪（TBMMAT），其浓度中位数分别为 45.6、19.8、1510 和 2.5 ng/g。垫套中的 ΣMEL 浓度（中位数 709 ng/g）明显高于垫芯中的浓度（中位数 15.1 ng/g）。通过灰尘摄入的 MEL 和其衍生物的每日估计摄入量（EDI）比通过皮肤吸收的 EDI 高两个数量级，但均低于既定的可耐受每日摄入量水平。这是第一份关于儿童保育环境中三聚氰胺及其衍生物暴露情况的报告。
