Department of Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 19;19(9):4964. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19094964.
Melamine is a nephrotoxic industrial chemical. Diet is one source of melamine exposure, yet little work has examined the main dietary contributors, particularly among children. We evaluated associations of diet with urinary melamine and derivative concentrations among 123 children aged 4-6 years in the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth cohort. Children's diets on the day preceding urine collection were assessed using 24-h dietary recalls. Associations of meat, fruit, and grain intakes with melamine exposure were examined using multiple linear regression. Remaining food groups were examined in secondary analyses. Mean (SD) melamine, ammelide, and cyanuric acid concentrations were 6.1 (12.4), 1.9 (2.1), and 60.6 (221.2) ng/mL, respectively. The second tertile of red meat consumers had 98% (95% CI: 15%, 241%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers, yet the highest consumers did not have increased exposure. Greater consumption of certain fruits was associated with lower urinary ammelide. The top yogurt consumers had 112% (95% CI: 29%, 247%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers. Consumption of starchy vegetables excluding potatoes was associated with 139% (95% CI: 6%, 437%) greater urinary ammelide. These observed associations should be confirmed in future studies using larger samples and increased monitoring of non-dietary routes of exposure.
三聚氰胺是一种肾毒性工业化学品。饮食是三聚氰胺暴露的一个来源，但很少有研究检查主要的饮食贡献者，特别是在儿童中。我们评估了饮食与 123 名 4-6 岁儿童（来自全球预防早产和死胎联盟队列）尿液中三聚氰胺和衍生物浓度之间的关系。在收集尿液前一天，使用 24 小时膳食回忆法评估儿童的饮食。使用多元线性回归分析肉类、水果和谷物摄入量与三聚氰胺暴露的关系。在二次分析中检查其余食物组。三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺酰胺和三聚氰酸的平均（SD）浓度分别为 6.1（12.4）、1.9（2.1）和 60.6（221.2）ng/ml。第二分位的红肉消费者比非消费者的三聚氰胺暴露量增加了 98%（95%CI：15%，241%），但最高消费者的暴露量并没有增加。某些水果的摄入量较高与尿液中三聚氰胺酰胺的含量较低有关。酸奶的最高消费者比非消费者的三聚氰胺暴露量增加了 112%（95%CI：29%，247%）。除土豆外，淀粉类蔬菜的摄入量与尿液中三聚氰胺酰胺含量增加 139%（95%CI：6%，437%）有关。这些观察到的关联应该在未来的研究中使用更大的样本和增加对非饮食暴露途径的监测来进一步确认。
