Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
J Nutr. 2020 May 1;150(5):1051-1057. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa028.
The stable isotope deuterium dose-to-mother (DTM) technique to estimate nonbreast milk water intake demonstrates that maternal self-report methods of infant feeding overestimate the true prevalence of exclusively breastfeeding practices.
We aimed to determine potential monosaccharide and oligosaccharide markers that distinguish between exclusively breastfed (EBF) versus nonexclusively breastfed (non-EBF) infants utilizing LC-MS-based methods.
Data for the analysis were collected as part of a larger, longitudinal study of 192 breastfed Indonesian infants aged 2 mo and followed up at 5 mo. Feces samples were collected from infants aged 2 mo (n = 188) and 5 mo (n = 184). EBF and non-EBF strata at each time point were determined via the DTM technique. Feces samples were analyzed to determine monosaccharide content using ultra-high-performance LC-triple quadrupole MS (UHPLC-QqQ MS). Relative abundances of fecal oligosaccharides were determined using nano-LC-Chip-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (nano-LC-Chip-Q-ToF MS).
At age 2 mo, monosaccharide analysis showed the abundance of fructose and mannose were significantly higher (+377% and +388%, respectively) in non-EBF compared with EBF infants (P <0.0001). Fructose and mannose also showed good discrimination with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. Oligosaccharide analysis showed that a 6-hexose (Hex6) isomer had good discrimination (AUC = 0.80) between EBF and non-EBF groups at 5 mo.
Carbohydrate products, particularly fecal mono- and oligosaccharides, differed between EBF and non-EBF infants aged under 6 mo and can be used as potential biomarkers to distinguish EBF versus non-EBF feeding practices.
利用稳定同位素氘剂量-母亲（DTM）技术估计非母乳水摄入量表明，母亲对婴儿喂养方式的自我报告方法高估了纯母乳喂养实践的真实流行率。
我们旨在确定潜在的单糖和低聚糖标志物，利用基于 LC-MS 的方法区分纯母乳喂养（EBF）与非纯母乳喂养（非-EBF）婴儿。
该分析的数据是作为一项更大的、对 192 名印度尼西亚母乳喂养婴儿的纵向研究的一部分收集的，这些婴儿在 2 个月大时开始，并在 5 个月大时进行随访。在 2 个月（n=188）和 5 个月（n=184）时收集婴儿的粪便样本。通过 DTM 技术确定每个时间点的 EBF 和非-EBF 层。使用超高效 LC-三重四极杆 MS（UHPLC-QqQ MS）分析粪便样本以确定单糖含量。使用纳升 LC-Chip-四极杆飞行时间 MS（nano-LC-Chip-Q-ToF MS）测定粪便低聚糖的相对丰度。
在 2 个月大时，单糖分析显示，与 EBF 婴儿相比，非 EBF 婴儿的果糖和甘露糖丰度显著更高（分别为+377%和+388%，P<0.0001）。果糖和甘露糖的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为 0.86 和 0.82，具有良好的区分能力。低聚糖分析显示，在 5 个月时，6-己糖（Hex6）异构体在 EBF 和非-EBF 组之间具有良好的区分能力（AUC=0.80）。
6 个月以下的 EBF 和非-EBF 婴儿的粪便单糖和低聚糖等碳水化合物产物存在差异，可作为区分 EBF 与非-EBF 喂养方式的潜在生物标志物。
