Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton NY, 11968, USA.
Harmful Algae. 2020 Jan;91:101594. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.012. Epub 2019 Apr 6.
Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO results in higher equilibrium concentrations of dissolved CO in natural waters, with corresponding increases in hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentrations and decreases in hydroxyl ion and carbonate concentrations. Superimposed on these climate change effects is the dynamic nature of carbon cycling in coastal zones, which can lead to seasonal and diel changes in pH and CO concentrations that can exceed changes expected for open ocean ecosystems by the end of the century. Among harmful algae, i.e. some species and/or strains of Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Ulvophyceae, the occurrence of a CO concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) is the most frequent mechanism of inorganic carbon acquisition in natural waters in equilibrium with the present atmosphere (400 μmol CO mol total gas), with varying phenotypic modification of the CCM. No data on CCMs are available for Raphidophyceae or the brown tide Pelagophyceae. Several HAB species and/or strains respond to increased CO concentrations with increases in growth rate and/or cellular toxin content, however, others are unaffected. Beyond the effects of altered C concentrations and speciation on HABs, changes in pH in natural waters are likely to have profound effects on algal physiology. This review outlines the implications of changes in inorganic cycling for HABs in coastal zones, and reviews the knowns and unknowns with regard to how HABs can be expected to ocean acidification. We further point to the large regions of uncertainty with regard to this evolving field.
大气中 CO 浓度的升高会导致天然水中溶解态 CO 的平衡浓度升高，相应地增加氢离子和碳酸氢根离子浓度，降低氢氧根离子和碳酸根离子浓度。在这些气候变化影响之外，沿海地区的碳循环具有动态性，这可能导致 pH 和 CO 浓度在季节和昼夜之间发生变化，而到本世纪末，这些变化可能超过开阔海洋生态系统的预期变化。在有害藻类中，即某些种类和/或蓝藻、甲藻、金藻、硅藻和绿藻的菌株，CO 浓缩机制（CCMs）是与当前大气（400 μmol CO mol 总气体）平衡的天然水中无机碳获取的最常见机制，CCM 具有不同的表型修饰。红藻或褐潮 Pelagophyceae 没有关于 CCMs 的数据。一些赤潮物种和/或菌株对 CO 浓度的增加会导致生长速率和/或细胞毒素含量增加，然而，其他菌株则不受影响。除了改变 C 浓度和物种对赤潮的影响外，天然水中 pH 值的变化可能对藻类生理学产生深远影响。本综述概述了无机循环变化对沿海赤潮的影响，并回顾了赤潮对海洋酸化的影响的已知和未知因素。我们进一步指出了这个不断发展的领域存在的大量不确定性。
