Adams M A, Dolan P, Hutton W C
Department of Anatomy and Orthopaedics, University of Bristol, Great Britain.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988 Sep;13(9):1019-26. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198809000-00009.
Cadaveric lumbar motion segments were loaded to simulate backward bending (extension) movements of the lumbar spine. The motion segments' resistance was measured initially, and after the spinous processes and apophyseal joints had been cut through in turn. Compression tests were then performed on the discs while they were wedged in full extension. The results showed that extension is resisted mainly by the disc and spinous processes, and that, in hyperextension, damage usually occurs first in the spinous processes (or the soft tissue squashed between them). However, if the spinous processes are particularly widely spaced, then the apophyseal joints can become damaged first. The protection offered the disc by the neural arch is greater in young people, and after the disc height has been reduced by creep loading. The disc can be damaged in hyperextension if the spine is subjected to high compressive forces at the same time. A sudden application of compressive force can cause an anterior disc prolapse, while a cyclic (fatigue) compressive force can increase the posterior bulging of the lamellas in the posterior annulus.
对尸体腰椎运动节段施加负荷，以模拟腰椎的后伸（伸展）运动。首先测量运动节段的阻力，然后依次切断棘突和关节突关节后再次测量。然后在椎间盘完全伸展呈楔形时对其进行压缩试验。结果表明，伸展主要受到椎间盘和棘突的抵抗，并且在过伸时，损伤通常首先发生在棘突（或其间被挤压的软组织）。然而，如果棘突间距特别宽，则关节突关节可能首先受损。神经弓对椎间盘的保护作用在年轻人中更大，并且在椎间盘高度因蠕变负荷而降低之后。如果脊柱同时受到高压缩力，椎间盘在过伸时可能会受损。突然施加压缩力可导致椎间盘前突，而周期性（疲劳）压缩力可增加后纵韧带后层的后凸。
